Table 2.
Sources and key characteristics of studies included in the implicit learning meta-analysis. Studies in bold were also included in the Neurosynth ‘sequence learning’ analysis.
| First author (year) |
No. of Foci |
N | Age | Response Hand |
Modality | Contrast |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Learning-related contrasts |
||||||
| Bischoff-Grethe (2004) | 54 | 16 | 19.8 | Right | fMRI | Learning related BOLD change during learning |
| Grafton (1995) | 10 | 12 | 22.0 | Right | PET | rCBF change over learning blocks |
| Grafton (2002) | 31 | 8 | 26.0 | Left | PET | |
| Hazeltine (1997) | 17 | 11 | 21.5 | Right | PET | rCBF change over learning blocks |
| Honda (1998) | 2 | 14 | 36.0 | Right | PET | correlation between RT and rCBF during learning |
| Marvel (2007) | 9 | 11 | 29.5 | Right | PET | Correlation between rCBF and RT reduction |
| Muller (2004) | 29 | 8 | 28.1 | Dominant | fMRI | Learning > single button response |
| Rieckmann (2010) | 35 | 14 | 24.7 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random changes between first and second half |
| Strangman (2005) | 12 | 9 | 26.5 | Right | fMRI | Slope over learning |
| van der Graaf (2006) | 11 | 8 | 23.1 | Bilateral | fMRI | Final [Seq-Random] > Intial [Seq-Random] |
| Wadden (2013) | 6 | 10 | 64.7 | Right | fMRI | Correlation with temporal precision |
|
Sequence vs Random contrasts |
||||||
| Berns (1997) | 3 | 10 | Right | PET | 2nd grammar > first grammar | |
| Bo (2011) | 23 | 14 | 21.4 | Right | fMRI | Sequence > Random (pre+post), averaged across conditions and time |
| Daselaar (2003) | 21 | 26 | 32.4 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Dennis (2011) | 9 | 12 | 22.0 | not spec | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Doyon (1996) | 11 | 14 | 38.7 | Right | PET | Highly learned > random |
| Gheysen 2010 | 20 | 22 | 22.0 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Gobel (2011) | 11 | 18 | 24.0 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random and New |
| Kumari (2002) | 14 | 6 | 31.8 | Right | fMRI | Pattern > Random |
| Landau (2006) | 9 | 8 | 20.6 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Martis (2004) | 6 | 27 | 28.3 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Naismith 2010 | 21 | 20 | 50.6 | Unilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Rauch (1995) | 6 | 7 | 26.7 | Bilateral | PET | Sequence > Random |
| Rauch (1997) | 10 | 10 | 27.5 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Ursu (2009) | 13 | 10 | 24.4 | Bilateral | fMRI | No Conflict > Conflict |
| Werheid (2003) | 7 | 7 | 52.9 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Woodward (2007) | 17 | 15 | 31.3 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |
| Zedkova (2006) | 10 | 15 | 31.3 | Bilateral | fMRI | Sequence > Random |