Table 2.
Model effects of changes in body composition and cardiovascular risk factors by condition
| Change in control |
Intent-to-treat | Per protocol (>75% attendance) | Per protocol (>2600 steps/session) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Change in intervention |
Difference between conditions |
p value | Difference between conditions |
p value | Difference between conditions |
p value | ||
| Anthropometry | n = 18 | n = 20 | n = 13 | n = 11 | ||||
| BMI (z-score) | 0.004 (0.02) | −0.002 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) | |||
| BMI (%) | 0.1 (0.2) | −0.1 (0.2) | −0.2 (0.3) | −0.2 (0.4) | −0.4 (0.4) | |||
| WC (cm) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.5 (1.2) | −0.04 (1.7) | 1.0 (1.9) | −0.1 (2.3) | |||
| DXA | ||||||||
| Total body fat (g) | 1593.8 (536.6) | 994.9 (525.4) | −599.0 (742.2) | −1004.1 (874.1) | −1483.9 (821.5) | 0.08 | ||
| Total body fat (%) | 0.8 (0.3) | 0.5 (0.3) | −0.3 (0.5) | −0.68 (0.53) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.10 | ||
| Gynoid fat (g) | 337.6 (130.2) | 194.9 (127.5) | −142.7 (180.2) | −254.7 (205.6) | −316.8 (212.6) | 0.15 | ||
| Gynoid fat (%) | 1.1 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.3) | −0.4 (0.5) | −0.9 (0.5) | 0.06 | −0.9 (0.5) | 0.06 | |
| Leg fat (g) | 581.6 (505.1) | 352.2 (494.5) | −299.5 (698.6) | −586.8 (803.6) | −672.6 (831.0) | |||
| Leg fat (%) | 0.8 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.4) | −0.6 (0.5) | −1.1 (0.5) | 0.06 | −1.1 (0.5) | 0.049 | |
| Android fat (g) | 78.6 (66.9) | 113.9 (65.5) | 35.2 (92.5) | −23.2 (112.4) | −92.3 (112.7) | |||
| Android fat (%) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.9 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.7) | −0.3 (0.8) | −0.4 (0.8) | |||
| Trunk fat (g) | 911.3 (404.8) | 476.2 (396.3) | −435.1 (559.9) | −435.5 (638.2) | −669.4 (637.1) | |||
| Trunk fat (%) | 0.8 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | −0.04 (0.6) | −0.4 (0.8) | −0.6 (0.7) | |||
| BMC (g) | 13.0 (10.8) | 14.0 (10.6) | 1.0 (14.9) | 22.9 (14.3) | 0.12 | −12.4 (17.2) | ||
| BMD total (g cm−2) | 0.01 (0.004) | 0.01 (0.004) | 0.003 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.07 | 0.0 (0.01) | ||
| Trunk, (g cm−2) | 0.003 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.03 | 0.002 (0.01) | ||
| Spine, (g cm−2) | 0.002 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.01) | 0.008 | 0.001 (0.01) | ||
| Leg, (g cm−2) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.002 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.004 (0.01) | |||
| MRI | n=15 | n=18 | n=13 | n=10 | ||||
| VAT (kg) | 0.04 (0.03) | 0.02 (0.03) | −0.01 (0.1) | 0.02 (0.1) | −0.1 (0.1) | |||
| SAT (kg) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | −0.3 (0.2) | 0.12 | −0.5 (0.2) | 0.048 | −0.6 (0.2) | 0.02 |
| TAT (kg) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | −0.4 (0.2) | 0.13 | −0.5 (0.3) | 0.08 | −0.7 (0.2) | 0.01 |
| CV risk factors | n=18 | n =20 | n=13 | n=11 | ||||
| SBP, % | −1.75 (6.4) | −13.3 (6.3) | −11.5 (8.9) | −7.2 (10.8) | −7.7 (10.9) | |||
| DBP, % | −7.70 (4.9) | −3.8 (4.8) | 3.9 (6.8) | 4.1 (8.3) | −2.8 (8.4) | |||
| Cholesterol (mg dL−1) | −0.31 (4.1) | 8.0 (4.0) | 8.3 (5.6) | 0.15 | 3.0 (5.7) | −2.2 (5.4) | ||
| HDL-C (mg dL−1) | −1.08 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.6) | 2.6 (2.3) | 1.2 (2.3) | 1.1 (2.5) | |||
| LDL-C (mg dL−1) | 0.78 (3.0) | 3.9 (2.9) | 3.1 (4.2) | 0.4 (4.4) | −4.5 (4.0) | |||
| Triglycerides (mg dL−1) | −0.03 (9.2) | 13.0 (9.0) | 13.0 (12.7) | 6.9 (14.9) | 6.0 (13.2) | |||
| Glucose (mg dL−1) | 11.61 (6.7) | 1.5 (6.5) | −10.1 (9.2) | −8.6 (11.6) | −10.6 (12.6) | |||
| Insulin (μU mL−1) | 4.07 (2.2) | 1.9 (2.2) | −2.2 (3.0) | −4.4 (2.7) | 0.12 | −4.4 (2.3) | 0.07 | |
Note. Values are model effects (standard error). Difference between conditions represents intervention change score minus control change score. P values indicate significant differences between intervention vsersus control based on estimated means in analysis of covariance models controlling for age, race and baseline value. P values < 0.20 are reported.
BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue; TAT, total adipose tissue; VAT, visceral adipose tissue.