Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics
| Characteristics | Total (n=7,320) | Persistent (n=1,238) | Nonpersistent (n=6,082) | P-valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 56.9 (10.4) | 57.8 (9.4) | 56.7 (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Female, % (n) | 50.2 (3,674) | 43.9 (543) | 51.5 (3,131) | <0.001 |
| CCI score, mean (SD) | 2.01 (1.71) | 1.86 (1.70) | 2.04 (1.72) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidity, % (n) | ||||
| Hypertension | 67.1 (4,909) | 62.9 (779) | 67.9 (4,130) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 71.5 (5,231) | 67.0 (830) | 72.4 (4,401) | <0.001 |
| Renal disease | 8.8 (644) | 8.7 (108) | 8.8 (536) | 0.920 |
| A1Cb, %, mean (SD) | 8.89 (1.83) | 8.59 (1.67) | 8.94 (1.85) | 0.006 |
| Hypoglycemia during the baseline period, % (n) | 5.2 (380) | 3.6 (45) | 5.5 (335) | 0.007 |
| GLP-1 RA % (n) | ||||
| Exenatide | 23.7 (1,734) | 25.2 (312) | 23.4 (1,422) | 0.169 |
| Liraglutide | 8.0 (586) | 7.6 (94) | 8.1 (492) | 0.557 |
| Basal insulin, % (n) | ||||
| Insulin glargine | 39.4 (2,881) | 39.8 (493) | 39.3 (2,388) | 0.714 |
| Insulin detemir | 12.5 (917) | 12.6 (156) | 12.5 (761) | 0.932 |
| NPH insulin | 3.1 (226) | 2.5 (31) | 3.2 (195) | 0.193 |
| Concomitant antihyperglycemic medicine, % (n) | ||||
| Metformin | 57.3 (4,194) | 56.9 (704) | 57.4 (3,490) | 0.738 |
| Sulfonylurea | 36.7 (2,686) | 37.8 (468) | 36.5 (2,218) | 0.375 |
| DPP-4 inhibitor | 16.5 (1,208) | 16.8 (208) | 16.4 (1,000) | 0.756 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 20.4 (1,497) | 22.0 (273) | 20.1 (1,224) | 0.126 |
| Meglitinides | 2.4 (177) | 3.2 (39) | 2.3 (138) | 0.066 |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitor | 0.68 (50) | 0.65 (8) | 0.69 (42) | 0.863 |
| All-cause health care resource utilization, mean (SD) | ||||
| Number of admissions | 0.09 (0.37) | 0.08 (0.36) | 0.09 (0.38) | 0.250 |
| Number of outpatient claims | 9.53 (11.06) | 8.84 (12.04) | 9.66 (10.85) | 0.018 |
| Number of ED claims | 0.27 (1.30) | 0.18 (0.94) | 0.29 (1.36) | 0.010 |
| Diabetes-related health care resource utilization, mean (SD) | ||||
| Number of admissions | 0.05 (0.25) | 0.04 (0.19) | 0.06 (0.26) | 0.017 |
| Number of outpatient claims | 4.30 (6.54) | 4.07 (7.29) | 4.34 (6.37) | 0.185 |
| Number of ED claims | 0.06 (0.38) | 0.04 (0.30) | 0.06 (0.40) | 0.174 |
| All-cause health care resource costs in $, mean (SD) | ||||
| Inpatient and outpatient costs | 13,529 (46,717) | 10,972 (34,691) | 14,049 (48,789) | 0.035 |
| ED costs | 263 (2,019) | 204 (2,070) | 275 (2,008) | 0.263 |
| Prescription costs | 3,499 (3,533) | 3,793 (3,509) | 3,439 (3,535) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes-related health care resource costs in $, mean (SD) | ||||
| Inpatient and outpatient costs | 5,815 (28,023) | 4,357 (22,326) | 6,112 (29,039) | 0.045 |
| ED costs | 114 (1,091) | 63 (539) | 124 (1,171) | 0.072 |
| Prescription costs | 1,414 (1,331) | 1,624 (1,493) | 1,372 (1,291) | <0.001 |
Notes:
a
Persistent vs nonpersistent;
b
defined as the last A1C value during the baseline period or <15 days after the index date; if multiple A1C values were available, the measurement closest to the index date was used in the analysis.
Abbreviations: A1C, glycated hemoglobin A1c; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase; ED, emergency department; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; SD, standard deviation.