Table 3.

Predictors of A1C change

Predictor	Estimate (%)	SE	95% CI	P-value
Persistent (vs nonpersistent)	−0.5689	0.1516	−0.8661, −0.2717	0.002
Age (per year)	−0.0028	0.0068	−0.0161, 0.0105	0.678
Female (vs male)	−0.0835	0.1166	−0.3119, 0.1450	0.474
US region (vs South)
Midwest	0.2129	0.2206	−0.2195, 0.6453	0.335
Northeast	0.1120	0.2262	−0.3312, 0.5553	0.620
Unknown	0.3471	0.5706	−0.7712, 1.4653	0.543
West	0.1384	0.1570	−0.1693, 0.4461	0.378
Health plan type (vs point of service)
Health Maintenance Organization	0.0040	0.1573	−0.3044, 0.3124	0.980
Exclusive Provider Organization	0.0174	0.1717	−0.3190, 0.3539	0.919
Indemnity	−0.0851	1.0411	−2.1257, 1.9555	0.935
Preferred Provider Organization	0.5761	0.3446	−0.0994, 1.2515	0.095
Other	0.0316	0.2707	−0.4990, 0.5621	0.907
CCI score (vs 0)
1–2	−0.3561	0.3495	−1.0411, 0.3288	0.308
3–4	−0.4984	0.3634	−1.2107, 0.2139	0.170
≥5	−0.2046	0.3892	−0.9674, 0.5581	0.599
Baseline hypoglycemia (yes vs no)	0.1649	0.3050	−0.4330, 0.7628	0.589
Baseline hypertension (yes vs no)	0.0315	0.1467	−0.2560, 0.3190	0.830
Baseline lipid disease (yes vs no)	−0.0569	0.1667	−0.3837, 0.2699	0.733
Baseline A1C (per %)	−0.5293	0.0331	−0.5943, −0.4643	<0.001
Baseline usage of any OAD (yes vs no)	−0.1685	0.1435	−0.4497, 0.1126	0.240
Baseline usage of basal insulin (yes vs no)	−0.1724	0.2060	−0.5761, 0.2313	0.403
Baseline usage of any GLP-1 RA (yes vs no)	−0.3094	0.2186	−0.7379, 0.1191	0.157
Baseline all-cause total health care encounter charges (per $)	<0.0001	<0.0001	<0.0001, <0.0001	0.497

Abbreviations: A1C, glycated hemoglobin A_1c; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; CI, confidence interval; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; OAD, oral antidiabetes drug; SE, standard error.