Table 1.
Characteristics of 20 prospective cohort studies of AMD and risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes included in this meta-analysis.
| Study: first author, year | Country cohort details | Participants, age (years) | Early AMD | late AMD | Eligibility criteria | Mean follow-up, years | Outcome | Adjustment for covariates | Study design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Borger et al. 2003 [14] | The Rotterdam Study (Netherlands) |
6339, age >55 | 477 | 104 | Retinal photograph | 7 | Mortality (medical records) |
Age, gender, smoking, BMI, cholesterol level, atherosclerosis, hypertension, history of cardiovascular disease | prospective |
| Buch et al. 2005 [15] | The Copenhagen City Eye Study (Denmark) | 866, 60–80 | 228 | 31 | Retinal photograph | 14 | Mortality (ICD8, ICD10) |
Age, gender, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, total cholesterol level, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, any cataract, visual loss (20/40) | prospective |
| Clemons et al. 2004 [16] | AREDS | 4753, 55–81 | 2650 | 957 | Fundus photograph | 6.5 | Mortality (medical records) |
Age, sex, race, education, smoking status, BMI, diabetes mellitus, angina, cancer, hypertension | prospective |
| Cugati et al. 2007 [17] | BMES (Australian) | 3532, age > 49 | 177 | 72 | Retinal photograph | 10.7 | Mortality (ICD9, ICD10) |
Age, sex, BMI, hypertension diabetes mellitus, current smoking, and baseline history of angina, acute myocardial infarction, triglyceride level, fibrinogen level, educational level, walking disability, stroke | prospective |
| Duan et al. 2007 [18] | USA | 1445677, mean 76 (7.8) |
126693 | 30885 | ICD-9 | 2 | MI (ICD-9) |
Age, gender, race, hypertension, and diabetes | retrospective |
| Fernandez et al. 2012 [19] | MESA (USA) | 6233, 45–84 | 893 | 27 | Retinal photograph | 5.4 | CHD and CVD (medical records) |
Age, sex, race, hypertension, cigarette smoking, site of enrollment, CRP, level of education and diabetes, BMI, serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol | prospective |
| Fisher et al. 2015 [20] | AGES (Israel) | 4910, 67–96 | 1064 | 277 | Retinal photograph | 8.6 | Mortality (ICD-9) |
Age, gender | prospective |
| Golan et al. 2011 [21] | MHS (Israel) | 68217, age ≥ 65 |
6546 | ICD-9 | 4.75 | MI (ICD-9) |
Age, gender | retrospective | |
| Hu et al. 2010 [22] |
LHID (Taiwan) | 1254, mean 62.7 |
0 | 209 | ICD-9 | 5 | Stroke (ICD-9) |
Age, gender, monthly income, level of urbanization, the geographic region of the community | retrospective |
| Ikram et al. 2012 [23] | ARICS (USA) | 12216 45–64 |
576 | 15 | Retinal photograph | 13 | Stroke (medical records) |
Mean arterial blood pressure, antihypertensive medications, cell count fasting glucose, white blood, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride levels, BMI, atrial fibrillation, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption status. | prospective |
| Knudtson et al. 2006 [24] | BDES (Australian) | 4747, 43–84 |
909 | 79 | Retinal photograph | 13.2 | Mortality (ICD-9, ICD-10) |
Age, sex, proteinuria, history of cancer, BMI, BMI2, ratio of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, smoking, pulse rate, education, diabetes status, cardiovascular SBP disease history, sedentary lifestyle | prospective |
| Liao et al. 2008 [25] |
CMS (USA) | 1303186, ≥65.0 | 140645 | 27193 | ICD-9 | 2 | Stroke (ICD-9) |
Age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes | retrospective |
| Nguyen-Khoa et al. 2008 [26] |
USA | 27411, 50–95 |
0 | 7203 | ICD-9 | 3.5 | MI and CVD (ICD-9) |
Presence of angina, cardiac arrhythmia, Charlson score, congestive heart failure, diabetes, heart disease, history of acute MI, history of CVA, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, other cerebrovascular diseases |
retrospective |
| Pedula et al. 2015 [27] |
SOF (USA) | 1202, ≥65 |
441 | 46 | Retinal photograph | 9.5 | Mortality and CVD (ICD-9) |
Age, race, self-reported frailty, body mass index, Minimental State Examination score, walking speed, history of congestive heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, history of thiazide diuretic use | Prospective |
| Sun et al. 2009 [28] |
CHS (USA) | 1715, 69–97 | 268 | 24 | Retinal photograph | 6 | CHD and stroke (medical records) |
Age, gender, race, systolic and diastolic, blood pressure, hypertension status, fasting glucose, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, cigarette smoking, pack-years of smoking, CRP | prospective |
| Tan et al. 2008 [29] |
BMES (Australian) | 2853, 49–97 | 130 | 51 | Retinal photograph | 11 | Mortality (ICD-9, ICD-10) | Age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, BMI, serum lipids, fibrinogen, white cell count | prospective |
| Wieberdink et al. 2011 [9] | The Rotterdam Study (Netherlands) | 6207, 61.7–74.8 | 2166 | 93 | Retinal photograph | 13.6 | Stroke (medical records) |
Age, sex, diabetes, systolic blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, current smoking, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, carotid artery plaques, body mass index, alcohol intake and CRP, APOE, CFH |
prospective |
| Wong et al. 2006 [8] | ARICS (USA) | 10405, 49–73 | 498 | 10 | Retinal photograph | 8 | Stroke (ICD-9, ICD-10) |
Age, sex, ethnicity, site, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, antihypertensive medication use, cigarette smoking | prospective |
| Wong et al. 2007 [7] | ARICS (USA) | 11414, 49–73 | 540 | 15 | Retinal photograph | 8 | Mortality and CHD (medical records) |
Age, gender, race, and center, and then further for education, body mass index, systolic and diastolic BPs, diabetes status, total plasma cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, pack-years of cigarette smoking, current alcohol consumption | prospective |
| Alexander et al. 2007 [6] | USA | 62179, mean 80.5 | 0 | 15771 | ICD-9 | 2 | MI and CVD (ICD-9) | Age, race, gender, length of data within the database | retrospective |
AREDS: Age-Related Eye Disease Study; BMES: Blue Mountains Eye Study; MESA: Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; AGES: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility Reykjavik Study; LHID: Longitudinal Health Insurance Database; ARICS: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; BDES: Beaver Dam Eye Study; CMS: Medicare and Medicaid Services; SOF: Study of Osteoporotic Fractures; CHS: Cardiovascular Health Study; BMI: body mass index.