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Intestinal epithelial barrier and the immune system in inflammatory bowel disease. Ag: antigen; APC: antigen presenting cells; IL: interleukin; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IgA: immunoglobulin A; M cell: microfold cell; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; TGF-α: transforming growth factor-alpha; Th: T helper cell; Treg: regulatory T cells; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
