Table 2.
Cytokines | Types of cells | Main functions in IBD |
---|---|---|
IL-2 | T cells | Inducing proliferation of T and B cells and the production of IFN-γ [49] |
| ||
IL-4 | Th2 cells Mast cells |
Promoting the differentiation of Th2 cells Inhibiting exacerbated responses of Th1 cells [49] |
| ||
IL-10 | Macrophages Dendritic cells Treg |
Inhibiting exacerbated responses of Th1 cell [49] |
| ||
IL-17 | Th17 cells Neutrophils |
Promoting inflammation by inducing the production of IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-α
Inducing the production of cytokines that increase Th1 response Inducing chemokine expression, adhesion molecules by epithelial and endothelial cells, fibroblast proliferation, and growth factors expression, such as G-CSF and GM-CSF [68] |
| ||
TGF-β | T cells Macrophages Fibroblasts |
Inhibiting Th subtypes, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells [49] Playing a key role in the differentiation of Th17 and Treg, in balance with some factors, such as IL-6 [26, 27] |
| ||
IFN-γ | Th1 cells TCD8+ cells NK cells |
Activation of macrophages [50] Inducing the production of IL-12 [57, 58] |