| Intrinsic (directly related to Fallopian tube) |
Inflammatory disease, hydrosalpinx, hematosalpinx |
| Tubal neoplasms, for example, cyst of Morgagni, adenofibroma |
| Congenital abnormalities, for example, stricture |
| Venous congestion leading to spiraling of veins |
| Tubal surgery: tubal ligation, reconstruction |
| Physiological abnormalities: hypermobility, spasm, excessive length, or tortuosity |
| Abnormal peristalsis due to autonomic dysfunction, drugs |
| Anatomic malformations in tube or mesosalpinx |
| Extrinsic |
Ovarian or paraovarian masses or cysts |
| Uterine enlargement (pregnancy, tumors) |
| Adhesions |
| Mechanical factors/trauma to pelvic organs |
