. 2016 Sep 28;6(4):50. doi: 10.3390/bios6040050

Table 8.

Reports of screen-printed carbon electrodes for the determination of metal ions.

Analyte	Modifier	Medium Exchange	Accumulation Media	Measurement Technique	Linear Range	Detection Limit (Time)	Sample/s	Reference
Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺	Hg thin film	No	Sample acidified with HCl pH 2	SWASV, −1.1 V, 120 s	0–500 ng/mL in acidified seawater	Cd²⁺ 7.0 ng/mL, Pb²⁺ 0.31 ng/mL, Cu²⁺ 0.53 ng/mL	Seawater	[107]
Cr⁶⁺	Unmodified carbon	No	0.1 M H₂SO₄	LSCSV	100–1000 ng/mL	19 ng/mL	Canal water	[108]
Sb³⁺	Electrochemical generated silver nanoparticles	No	pH 2 Britton–Robinson buffer	DPASV, −0.6 V, (200 s)	9.90 × 10⁻⁸–9.09 × 10⁻⁷ M	6.79 × 10⁻¹⁰ M	Seawater, pharmaceutical preparations	[109]
Sb³⁺	Electrochemical generated gold nanoparticles	No	pH 2 Britton-Robinson buffer	DPASV, −0.55 V (200 s)	9.90 × 10⁻⁸–9.09 × 10⁻⁷ M	9.44 × 10⁻¹⁰ M	Seawater, pharmaceutical preparations	[110]
Sb³⁺	Mercury film	No	HCl 3 M	DPASV, −0.9 V (600 s)	0.99 × 10⁻⁸–8.26 × 10⁻⁸ M	1.27 × 10⁻⁸ M	Glucantime and seawater	[111]
U	4-Carboxyphenyl	No	Ammonium acetate	15 min	8.5 × 10⁻¹⁰–10⁻⁷ M	2 × 10⁻⁹ M	Estuarine water	[112]
Pb²⁺		No	0.1 M KCl	DPASV, −1.1 V (400 s)	10–60 μg/dL	2 μg/dL	-	[113]
Pb²⁺	Functionalized mesoporous silica	No	0.2 M HCl	SWASV, −1.2 V	1–30 ng/mL	0.1 ng/mL, 5 min accumulation, 120 s electrolysis	Drinking water, river water, groundwater	[114]
As³⁺	Platinum nanoparticle	No	1 M H₂SO₄	CV, −0.2 V to +1.3 V, 100 mV/s	1.6 × 10⁻⁷–1.3 × 10⁻⁶ M	5.68 ± 1.18 mg/L	Certificated water sample	[115]
Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺	PANI, or PANI-poly(DTDA)	No	0.1 M H₂SO₄; 0.5M HCl	DPASV, −0.4 V (120 s)	1 × 10⁻⁹–1 × 10⁻⁶ M	-	-	[116]
Cd²⁺	Hg modified microelectrode array formed by femtosecond laser ablation	No	acetate buffer 0.2 M, pH 4.5	SWASV	1–10 ng/mL	1.3 ng/mL (300 s)	River water	[117]
Cd²⁺	Ex-situ Hg plated thin film	No	acetate buffer 0.2 M pH 4.5	SWASV, −1.0 V	0.2–40 ng/mL	0.2 ng/mL, (60 s)	River water	[118]
Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺	Unmodified carbon	No	0.1 M NaCl, pH 1.35	DPASV, −1.4 V	-	-	Soil	[119]
Pb²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺	Unmodified carbon	No	0.1 M NaCl, pH 1.35	DPASV, −1.4 V	-	-	Forensic soil analysis	[120]
Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺	Unmodified carbon	No	0.2 M acetic acid & 0.2 M sodium acetate	DPASV, −1.0 V	Cd²⁺ 2–100 µM, Pb²⁺ 5–100 µM	Cd²⁺ 500 nM, Pb²⁺ 800 nM (120 s)	Rainwater, flour, maize & seedlings	[121]
Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺	Thin-film Hg	No	0.6 M NaCl, pH 8	SWASV, −1.1 V	10–2000 ng/mL	Pb²⁺ 1.8 ng/mL, Cd²⁺ 2.9 ng/mL (120 s)	Seawater	[122]
Hg²⁺	PANI-methylene blue coated	No	0.5 M HCl	DPASV, −0.3 V	1 × 10⁻⁸−1 × 10⁻⁵ M	54.27 ng/mL (120 s)	Ultra-pure water	[123]
Hg²⁺	Electrochemically coated PANI-poly(DTDA)	No	0.5 M HCl	DPASV, −0.3 V	1 × 10⁻⁸–1 × 10⁻⁵ M	56 ng/mL (120 s)	-	[124]
Hg²⁺	poly(4-vinlylpyridine)	No	pH 4 acetate buffer + 2 M KCl	SWASV	100–1000 ppb	69.5 ppb	Skin-lightening cosmetics	[125]
Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺	Au film	Yes	0.05 M HCl	SWASV, −1.0 V	Hg²⁺ 2–16 ng/mL, Pb²⁺ 4–16 ng/mL	Hg²⁺ 1.5 ng/mL, Pb²⁺ 0.5 ng/mL, (120 s)	Drinking water	[126]
Cd²⁺, ^Cu2+, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺	Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺ by thin Hg film, Hg²⁺ Au screen-printed electrode	No	0.1 M HCl	SWASV, Hg²⁺ +0.2 V, Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, −1.1 V	1 ng/mL–1 µg/mL for all	Hg²⁺ 0.9 ng/mL, (120 s), Cd²⁺, 1.0 ng/mL, Cu²⁺ 0.5 ng/mL, Pb²⁺ 0.3 ng/mL (300 s)	Dogfish muscle, Mussel tissue, Atlantic hake fillets	[127,128]
Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺	Injection modelled flow cell containing screen-printed sensor	No	Cu²⁺ 0.1 M HNO₃, Cd²⁺ 0.1 M pH 9 ammonium citrate buffer, Pb²⁺ 0.1 M pH 9 glycine buffer	Cu²⁺ & Cd²⁺ DPASV, Pb²⁺ SWASV	Pb²⁺ 30–70 ng/mL, Cu²⁺ 9 ng/mL–26 ng/mL	Cu²⁺ 4.4 ng/mL (300 s), Pb²⁺ 5.9 ng/mL (500 s), Cd²⁺	Lake water, industrial waste water	[129]
Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺	Chitosan	No	0.1 M HCl/KCl	DPASV, −1.0 V	10–200 ng/mL	Pb²⁺ 3.4 ng/mL, Cu²⁺ 5 ng/mL, Cd²⁺ 5 ng/mL Hg²⁺ 2 ng/mL (30 s)	Tap water	[130]
Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺	Microchip capillary electrophoresis	No	MES buffer (pH 7.0, 25 mM)	−0.8 V	100–1000 µM	Pb²⁺ 1.74 µM, Cd²⁺ 0.73 µM, 0.13 µM	Green vegetable, Tomato and pine apple juices	[131]
Pb²⁺	Random micro-array formed by spraying screen-printed working with a commercial deodorant (200 mm for 12 s).	No	0.1 M HNO₃	SWASV, −0.5 V	20–50 µM and 75–200 µM	9.5 µM	-	[132]
As³⁺	Au array for ASV, Pt array for direct oxidation, formed by spraying screen-printed working with a commercial deodorant (200 mm for 6 s).	No	1 M H₂SO₄	LSASV, −1.2 V	1–5 µM	4.8 × 10^-7 M	-	[133]