. 2016 Sep 28;6(4):50. doi: 10.3390/bios6040050

Table 9.

Reports of bismuth modified screen-printed carbon electrodes for the determination of metal ions.

Analyte	Modifier	Medium Exchange	Accumulation Media	Measurement Technique	Linear Range	Detection Limit (Time)	Sample/s	Reference
Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Chemically synthesized Bi nanoparticles	No	pH 4.5 0.1 M acetate buffer	SWASV, −1.4 V, flow cell & convective cell	-	0.52 ng/mL Zn²⁺, 0.45 ng/mL Cd²⁺, 0.41 ng/mL Pb²⁺, (120 s)	Waste water CRM, drinking water	[147]
Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	bismuth oxide modified ink	No	0.1 M NaOAc solution containing 0.05 M HCl or 0.1 M HCl	SWASV, −1.2 V	Cd²⁺ 10–150 ng/mL, Pb²⁺ 10–150 ng/mL, Zn²⁺ 40–150 ng/mL	5, 10 and 30 ng/mL	River water	[148]
Cd²⁺	Microband ex-situ Bi plated	No	pH 4.5, acetate buffer 0.2M	SWASV, −1.0 V	5.6 ng/mL–45 ng/mL	1.3 ng/mL	River water (mining area)	[149]
Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺	Bismuth oxide modified ink	No	0.5 M ammonium acetate + 0.1 M HCl pH 4.6	Chrono-potentiometric	20–300 ng/mL	Pb²⁺ 8.0 ng/mL, Cd²⁺ 16 ng/mL	Soil, water	[150]
Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺	Ex-situ deposited bismuth	No	0.01 M KNO3	DPASV, −1.5 V, 60 s. stripping chrono-potentiometry	Up to: Zn²⁺ 250 ng/mL, Pb²⁺ 50 ng/mL, Cd²⁺ 600 ng/mL	Zn²⁺ 3.5 ng/mL Pb²⁺ 0.5 ng/mL, Cd²⁺ 3.9 ng/mL	Tap water (Barcelona)	[151]
Pb²⁺	Bi, 0.5% Nafion	No	10.0 mM acetate 50 mM KCl buffer + 500 mg/L Bi	SWASV, −1.0 V, 120 s	5 ng/mL–80 ng/mL	4 ng/mL	Leachates from cooking vessels	[152]
Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Dip coated hydrogel modified Bi doped ink	Yes	Volatile metal species generated at room temperature by the addition of sodium tetrahydroborate (III) to an acidified solution.	SWASV, −1.2 V	10–80 ng	1 ng (120 s)	Metal vapours	[153]
Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	In situ plated Bi	No	1 M HCl	SIA-ASV, −1.4 V	2–100 ng/mL Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, 12–100 ng/mL Zn²⁺	0.2 ng/mL Pb²⁺, 0.8 ng/mL Cd²⁺, 11 ng/mL Zn²⁺	Herbs	[154]
Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	In situ plated Bi	No	1 M HCl	SIA-ASV, −1.4 V	0–70 ng/mL Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, 75–200 ng/mL Zn^2+.	0.89 ng/mL Pb²⁺, 0.69 ng/mL Cd²⁺	Drinking water	[155]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	In situ plated Bi	No	0.2 M, pH 4.6 acetate buffer	SI-MSFA, −1.1 V	10 ng/mL–100 ng/mL	Cd²⁺ 1.4 ng/mL, Pb²⁺ 6.9 ng/mL	Water from a zinc mining draining pond	[156]
Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	In situ plated Bi	No	0.1 M pH 4.5 acetate buffer, 10⁻² M KCl	SWASV	10 ng/mL–100 ng/mL	Zn²⁺ 8.2 ng/mL, Cd²⁺ 3.6 ng/mL, Pb²⁺ 2.5 ng/mL	Tap water, waste water	[157]
Cd²⁺ Pb²⁺	Bismuth oxide modified ink	No	0.1 M, pH 4.5 acetate buffer	SWASV, −1.2 V	20 ng/mL–100 ng/mL	2.3 ng/mL Pb²⁺, 1.5 ng/mL Cd²⁺	River water	[158]
Pb²⁺	In-situ plated Bi Lab on a chip	No	0.1 M acetate buffer pH 4.5	SWASV, −1.2 V	2.5 ng/mL–100 ng/mL	1.0 ng/mL (120 s)	-	[159]
Pb²⁺	SPCE modified with filter paper containing electrolyte, Bi and internal standard (Zn) salts.	No	0.1 M pH 4.5 acetate buffer, containing Zn (60 ng/mL) as internal standard	SWASV, −1.4 V	10 ng/mL–100 ng/mL	2.0 ng/mL (120 s)	-	[160]