Table 2.
Reference | Species | Method | Tissue | Gene/s Exhibiting Difference in DNA Methylation | Adverse Early life Exposure | Child Outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[25] | Rat | Targeted | Hippocampus | Nr3c1 | Low maternal grooming | Increased anxiety like behaviors |
[33] | Human n = 57 |
Targeted | Buccal swabs (at age 2 months) | BDNF | Maternal depression | - |
[58] | Human n = 185 |
Targeted | Placenta | HSD11B2 | - | Poor quality of movement (age < 4 days) |
[66] | Human n = 36 |
Illumina Infinium Methylation450K array | Saliva (age 8 years) | SCG5 and LTA | Maternal stress | - |
Peripheral blood T cells (age 13 years) | Over 1600 CpG sites | |||||
[72] | Human n = 181 |
Targeted | Saliva (age 14 months) | NR3C1 | Postnatal depression in absence of prenatal depression | - |
[74] | Human n = 482 |
Targeted | Placenta | NR3C1 | Prenatal depression | Increased lethargy, increased hypotonia, decreased self-regulation (age < 4 days) |
HSD11B2 | Maternal anxiety | Increased hypotonia (age < 4 days) | ||||
[75] | Human n = 46 |
Targeted | Peripheral blood (age 11–21 years) | NR3C1 | Childhood maltreatment | Borderline personality symptoms |
[76] | Human n = 40 |
Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation | Peripheral blood (men, 45 years) | >900 gene promoter regions | Childhood abuse (first 16 years of life) | Depression symptoms |
[77] | Rhesus macaques | Targeted | Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | SLC6A4 | Maternal deprivation | Increased activity during social isolation |
[78] | Human n = 85 |
Targeted | Whole blood (adults) | BDNF and oxytocin receptor | Poor maternal care first 16 years | - |