Table 2.

Summary of studies assessing changes in tissue DNA methylation associated with an adverse prenatal exposure and/or child neurodevelopmental outcome.

Reference	Species	Method	Tissue	Gene/s Exhibiting Difference in DNA Methylation	Adverse Early life Exposure	Child Outcome
[25]	Rat	Targeted	Hippocampus	Nr3c1	Low maternal grooming	Increased anxiety like behaviors
[33]	Human n = 57	Targeted	Buccal swabs (at age 2 months)	BDNF	Maternal depression	-
[58]	Human n = 185	Targeted	Placenta	HSD11B2	-	Poor quality of movement (age < 4 days)
[66]	Human n = 36	Illumina Infinium Methylation450K array	Saliva (age 8 years)	SCG5 and LTA	Maternal stress	-
			Peripheral blood T cells (age 13 years)	Over 1600 CpG sites
[72]	Human n = 181	Targeted	Saliva (age 14 months)	NR3C1	Postnatal depression in absence of prenatal depression	-
[74]	Human n = 482	Targeted	Placenta	NR3C1	Prenatal depression	Increased lethargy, increased hypotonia, decreased self-regulation (age < 4 days)
				HSD11B2	Maternal anxiety	Increased hypotonia (age < 4 days)
[75]	Human n = 46	Targeted	Peripheral blood (age 11–21 years)	NR3C1	Childhood maltreatment	Borderline personality symptoms
[76]	Human n = 40	Methylated DNA immunoprecipitation	Peripheral blood (men, 45 years)	>900 gene promoter regions	Childhood abuse (first 16 years of life)	Depression symptoms
[77]	Rhesus macaques	Targeted	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells	SLC6A4	Maternal deprivation	Increased activity during social isolation
[78]	Human n = 85	Targeted	Whole blood (adults)	BDNF and oxytocin receptor	Poor maternal care first 16 years	-