Table 1.
Distribution of serum leptin concentrations at baseline (4 years) according to characteristics of 75 Rhea cohort mother–child pairs
| N * | Mean ± SD | P † | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Leptin (ng mL−1) | |||
| Overall | 75 | 2.34 ± 1.49 | |
| Family and perinatal characteristics | |||
| Mother's age at enrollment (years) | 0.23 | ||
| 20–24 | 4 | 2.08 ± 1.06 | |
| 25–34 | 55 | 2.20 ± 1.43 | |
| 35–43 | 14 | 2.73 ± 1.60 | |
| Mother's education | 0.82 | ||
| Less than university | 33 | 2.41 ± 1.80 | |
| University education | 40 | 2.33 ± 1.22 | |
| Parity | 0.91 | ||
| Primiparous | 30 | 2.33 ± 1.27 | |
| Muliparous | 37 | 2.29 ± 1.61 | |
| Mother's pre‐pregnancy BMI (kg m−2) | 0.16 | ||
| Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | 51 | 2.05 ± 1.11 | |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 15 | 3.35 ± 2.18 | |
| Obese (≥30) | 6 | 1.89 ± 0.31 | |
| Gestational weight gain‡ | 0.13 | ||
| Inadequate | 16 | 2.43 ± 1.61 | |
| Adequate | 33 | 2.60 ± 1.59 | |
| Excessive | 23 | 1.81 ± 0.99 | |
| Birth size§ | 0.94 | ||
| SGA (<10th %tile) | 6 | 2.36 ± 2.59 | |
| AGA (10–≤90th %tile) | 63 | 2.33 ± 1.40 | |
| LGA (>90th %tile) | 6 | 2.43 ± 1.33 | |
| Mother smoking habits | 0.38 | ||
| Never | 49 | 2.47 ± 1.63 | |
| Former | 12 | 1.84 ± 0.86 | |
| Smoked during pregnancy | 8 | 2.18 ± 1.11 | |
| Duration of breastfeeding (months) | 0.82 | ||
| <6 | 55 | 1.27 ± 1.42 | |
| ≥6 | 20 | 2.28 ± 1.60 | |
| Child characteristics at the 4‐year research visit | |||
| Sex | 0.03 | ||
| Female | 32 | 2.77 ± 1.79 | |
| Male | 43 | 2.02 ± 1.14 | |
| BMI‐for‐age z‐score¶ | 0.0002 | ||
| ≤1 | 46 | 1.89 ± 1.14 | |
| >1 and ≤2 | 15 | 2.72 ± 1.57 | |
| >2 | 14 | 3.41 ± 1.85 | |
| SS + TR (mm) | <0.0001 | ||
| Tertile 1 (median = 12.5) | 23 | 1.38 ± 0.68 | |
| Tertile 2 (median = 16.5) | 24 | 2.30 ± 1.06 | |
| Tertile 3 (median = 21.4) | 24 | 3.39 ± 1.84 | |
| Slaughter's % fat | <0.0001 | ||
| Tertile 1 (median = 13.5) | 23 | 1.33 ± 0.64 | |
| Tertile 2 (median = 19.0) | 24 | 2.34 ± 1.04 | |
| Tertile 3 (median = 24.6) | 24 | 3.39 ± 1.84 | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | <0.0001 | ||
| Tertile 1 (median = 50.0) | 24 | 1.40 ± 0.72 | |
| Tertile 2 (median = 53.5) | 24 | 2.35 ± 1.19 | |
| Tertile 3 (median = 57.2) | 26 | 3.25 ± 1.74 | |
| Height‐for‐age z‐score¶ | 0.007 | ||
| ≤1 | 59 | 2.17 ± 1.30 | |
| >1 and ≤2 | 13 | 2.60 ± 1.38 | |
| >2 | 3 | 4.69 ± 3.46 | |
Totals may not add up to 75 because of missing values.
Represents a test for linear trend with the exception of sex, smoking habits and breastfeeding duration (Wald test).
According to the IOM 2009 gestational weight gain guidelines 12.
Based on internally standardized percentile values as previously described 4.
According to the World Health Organization growth reference 6, 7, 8. For both BMI and height, the ‘<1 z‐score’ category includes one child with z‐score <−2.
AGA, appropriate for gestational age; BMI, body mass index; IOM, Institute of Medicine; LGA, large for gestational age; SD, standard deviation; SGA, small for gestational age; SS, subscapular; TR, triceps.