Table 2.
Associations of leptin and two leptin‐associated metabolites with adiposity and linear growth during follow‐up
| β (95% CI) for change in each anthropometric indicator | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Leptin | Methylmalonyl‐carnitine | Glutaconyl‐carnitine | |
| Per unit* | Per z‐score† | Per z‐score† | ||
| ∆ Adiposity (7 years‐4 years) | ||||
| ∆ BMI z‐score | 0.75 ± 0.92 | |||
| Model 1 | 0.33 (0.10, 0.55) | 0.14 (0.01, 0.27) | 0.07 (‐0.01, 0.16) | |
| Model 2 | 0.25 (0.04, 0.45) | 0.11 (0.00, 0.23) | 0.09 (0.01, 0.16) | |
| ∆ SS + TR (mm) | 1.19 ± 6.59 | |||
| Model 1 | 1.41 (−0.33, 3.17) | 0.49 (−0.53, 1.51) | 0.08 (−0.59, 0.74) | |
| Model 2 | 1.14 (−0.59, 2.88) | 0.50 (−0.50, 1.49) | 0.18 (−0.47, 0.83) | |
| ∆ Slaughter's % fat | −2.17 ± 5.15 | |||
| Model 1 | 0.28 (−1.14, 1.71) | 0.19 (−0.64, 1.01) | 0.04 (−0.49, 0.57) | |
| Model 2 | 0.09 (−1.34, 1.51) | 0.19 (−0.62, 1.00) | 0.11 (−0.42, 0.63) | |
| ∆ Waist circumference (cm) | 4.88 ± 4.87 | |||
| Model 1 | 0.72 (−0.54, 1.99) | −0.04 (−0.78, 0.70) | −0.23 (−0.71, 0.24) | |
| Model 2 | 0.39 (−0.77, 1.55) | −0.05 (−0.71, 0.62) | −0.12 (−0.56, 0.31) | |
| Linear growth (7 years‐4 years) | ||||
| ∆ Height z‐score | 0.29 ± 0.37 | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | −0.01 (−0.04, 0.02) |
| BIA measurements at 7 years | ||||
| Fat mass (kg) | 6.0 ± 3.0 | |||
| Model 1 | 1.60 (0.85, 2.36) | 0.52 (0.06, 0.98) | 0.28 (−0.02, 0.59) | |
| Model 2 | 1.45 (0.71, 2.18) | 0.47 (0.02, 0.91) | 0.32 (0.03, 0.61) | |
| % Fat | 23.0 ± 6.6 | |||
| Model 1 | 2.84 (1.09, 4.58) | 0.48 (−0.20, 1.17) | 0.99 (−0.04, 2.02) | |
| Model 2 | 2.66 (0.91, 4.41) | 0.92 (−0.10, 1.94) | 0.53 (−0.15, 1.20) | |
Model 1: Adjusted for mother's age, education and gestational weight gain (IOM 2009 categories) and child's age and sex.
Model 2: Model 1 + change in height z‐score.
*
Natural log‐(ln)‐transformed for regression analysis.
†
Each metabolite was centred at the median and scaled by the mean absolute distance from the median.
BIA, bioelectrical impedance assessments; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; IOM, Institute of Medicine; SS, subscapular; TR, triceps.