Table I.
Factors associated with HCAI caused by vancomycin-susceptible and -resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium in three New York City hospitals, 2006–2014 (univariate analysis)
| Factor | Resistant to vancomycin | P-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
| Yes | No | ||
| Total | 4094 (40.2%) | 6092 (59.8%) | |
| Mean (range) age (years) | 64.7 (0–107) | 65.7 (0–104) | 0.003a |
| Sex | <0.0001a | ||
| Male | 1714 (41.9%) | 2845 (46.7%) | |
| Female | 2380 (58.1%) | 3247 (53.3%) | |
| Hospital | <0.001a | ||
| Community | 286 (7%) | 996 (16.4%) | |
| Tertiary 1 | 1814 (44.3%) | 1238 (20.3%) | |
| Tertiary 2 | 1994 (48.7%) | 3858 (63.3%) | |
| ICU prior to infection | <0.0001a | ||
| Yes | 2029 (49.6%) | 1868 (30.7%) | |
| No | 2065 (50.4%) | 4224 (69.3%) | |
| Mean (range) CCI | 3.37 (0–19) | 2.75 (0–16) | <0.0001a |
| Mean (range) days of stay prior to infection | 15.83 (0–889) | 5.46 (0–348) | <0.0001a |
| High risk medicationb prior to infection | <0.0001a | ||
| Yes | 4043 (98.8%) | 5420 (89%) | |
| No | 51 (1.2%) | 672 (11%) | |
| Prior stay in nursing facility | 0.93 | ||
| Yes | 262 (6.4%) | 387 (6.4%) | |
| No | 3832 (93.6%) | 5705 (96.6%) | |
| Prior in-network hospitalization | <0.0001a | ||
| Yes | 2697 (65.9%) | 3735 (61.3%) | |
| No | 1397 (34.1%) | 2357 (38.7%) | |
| Antibiotic use prior to infection | <0.0001a | ||
| Yes | 4048 (98.9%) | 4328 (71%) | |
| No | 46 (1.1%) | 1794 (29%) | |
| Site of infection | <0.0001a | ||
| Bloodstream | 928 (22.7%) | 1078 (17.7%) | |
| Urinary tract | 2926 (71.5%) | 4356 (71.5%) | |
| SSI | 240 (5.9%) | 658 (10.8%) | |
| Season of infection onset | 0.009a | ||
| Winter | 1084 (26.5%) | 1523 (25%) | |
| Spring | 1186 (29%) | 1647 (27%) | |
| Summer | 944 (23%) | 1497 (24.6%) | |
| Autumn | 880 (21.5%) | 1425 (23.4%) | |
| Diabetes | 0.30 | ||
| Yes | 1220 (29.8%) | 1874 (30.8%) | |
| No | 2868 (70.2%) | 4208 (69.2%) | |
| Renal failure | <0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 2185 (53.5%) | 2286 (37.6%) | |
| No | 1903 (46.5%) | 3796 (62.4%) | |
| Malignancy | <0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 1302 (31.9%) | 1171 (19.3%) | |
| No | 2786 (68.2%) | 4911 (80.8%) | |
| Year of infection onset | 0.009 | ||
| 2006 | 545 (13.3%) | 848 (13.9%) | |
| 2007 | 615 (15%) | 817 (13.4%) | |
| 2008 | 448 (10.9%) | 761 (12.5%) | |
| 2009 | 485 (11.9%) | 823 (13.5%) | |
| 2010 | 500 (12.2%) | 666 (10.9%) | |
| 2011 | 423 (10.3%) | 618 (10.1%) | |
| 2012 | 362 (8.8%) | 537 (8.8%) | |
| 2013 | 383 (9.4%) | 525 (8.6%) | |
| 2014 | 333 (8.1%) | 497 (8.2%) | |
HCAI, healthcare-associated infection; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; SSI, surgical site infection.
Numbers in strata may not equal total due to missing values.
a
Continuous variables assessed using simple logistic regression (Wald χ2). Categorical variables assessed using Pearson χ2.
b
High-risk medications include chemotherapeutic agents, immunosuppressants, and anti-inflammatory drugs.