Table 2. Echocardiographic morphological characteristics of the participants according to smoking status.
Smoking status | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
Never | Former | Current | Never | Former | Current | |
LV end-diastolic diameter, cm | 4.36 ± 0.01 | 4.37 ± 0.01 | 4.35 ± 0.03 | 4.35 ± 0.01 | 4.35 ± 0.01 | 4.38 ± 0.03 |
LV end-systolic diameter, cm | 2.57 ± 0.01 | 2.59 ± 0.01 | 2.57 ± 0.03 | 2.57 ± 0.01 | 2.59 ± 0.01 | 2.59 ± 0.03 |
LV Posterior wall thickness, mm | 9.2 ± 0.03 | 9.3 ± 0.03 | 9.3 ± 0.08 | 9.2 ± 0.03 | 9.2 ± 0.03 | 9.3 ± 0.08 |
Septal wall thickness, mm | 10.3 ± 0.03 | 10.3 ± 0.03 | 10.4± 0.09 | 10.2 ± 0.03 | 10.3 ± 0.03 | 10.5± 0.09†§ |
LV EDV, mL | 80.8 ± 0.4 | 80.3 ± 0.4 | 77.9 ± 1.1* | 80.2 ± 0.4 | 80.0 ± 0.4 | 79.0 ± 1.1 |
LV mass, g | 144 ± 1 | 145 ± 1 | 145 ± 2 | 142 ± 1 | 143 ± 1 | 149 ± 2†‡ |
LV mass index, g/m2 | 77.5 ± 0.4 | 77.2 ± 0.4 | 80.0 ± 1.1*‡ | 76.7 ± 0.4 | 76.7 ± 0.4 | 80.4 ± 1.1†§ |
LV mass/EDV ratio, g/mL | 1.84 ± 0.01 | 1.86 ± 0.01 | 1.91 ± 0.03* | 1.83 ± 0.01 | 1.84 ± 0.01 | 1.93 ± 0.03†§ |
Relative wall thickness | 0.428 ± 0.002 | 0.427 ± 0.002 | 0.429 ± 0.004 | 0.426 ± 0.002 | 0.427 ± 0.002 | 0.428 ± 0.005 |
LV hypertrophy, % | 10 | 10 | 13 | 9 | 10 | 15†‡ |
LV concentric hypertrophy, % | 7 | 6 | 9‡ | 6 | 6 | 10*‡ |
LV eccentric hypertrophy, % | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
LV concentric remodeling, % | 38 | 40 | 37 | 38 | 41* | 36 |
LV normal geometry, % | 52 | 50 | 50 | 53 | 49 | 49 |
Left atrial volume index, mL/m2 | 25.4 ± 0.2 | 25.5 ± 0.2 | 24.7 ± 0.5 | 25.3 ± 0.2 | 25.4 ± 0.2 | 25.0 ± 0.5 |
RV end-diastolic area, cm2 | 19.5 ± 0.1 | 19.5 ± 0.1 | 18.8 ± 0.3*‡ | 19.3 ± 0.1 | 19.3 ± 0.1 | 19.1 ± 0.3 |
RV end-systolic area, cm2 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 8.9 ± 0.2*‡ | 9.2 ± 0.1 | 9.1 ± 0.1 | 9.0 ± 0.2 |
Legend. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard error. LV – left ventricular; EDV – end-diastolic volume; RV – right ventricular.
p<0.05 and
p<0.01 vs. never smokers and
p<0.05 and
p<0.01 vs. former smokers.
Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex and race
Model 2: Further adjusted for body mass index, diabetes, anti-hypertensive medications, systolic blood pressure, current alcohol consumption, heart rate and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.