Table 2. Echocardiographic morphological characteristics of the participants according to smoking status.

Smoking status	Model 1			Model 2
	Never	Former	Current	Never	Former	Current
LV end-diastolic diameter, cm	4.36 ± 0.01	4.37 ± 0.01	4.35 ± 0.03	4.35 ± 0.01	4.35 ± 0.01	4.38 ± 0.03
LV end-systolic diameter, cm	2.57 ± 0.01	2.59 ± 0.01	2.57 ± 0.03	2.57 ± 0.01	2.59 ± 0.01	2.59 ± 0.03
LV Posterior wall thickness, mm	9.2 ± 0.03	9.3 ± 0.03	9.3 ± 0.08	9.2 ± 0.03	9.2 ± 0.03	9.3 ± 0.08
Septal wall thickness, mm	10.3 ± 0.03	10.3 ± 0.03	10.4± 0.09	10.2 ± 0.03	10.3 ± 0.03	10.5± 0.09†§
LV EDV, mL	80.8 ± 0.4	80.3 ± 0.4	77.9 ± 1.1*	80.2 ± 0.4	80.0 ± 0.4	79.0 ± 1.1
LV mass, g	144 ± 1	145 ± 1	145 ± 2	142 ± 1	143 ± 1	149 ± 2†‡
LV mass index, g/m2	77.5 ± 0.4	77.2 ± 0.4	80.0 ± 1.1*‡	76.7 ± 0.4	76.7 ± 0.4	80.4 ± 1.1†§
LV mass/EDV ratio, g/mL	1.84 ± 0.01	1.86 ± 0.01	1.91 ± 0.03*	1.83 ± 0.01	1.84 ± 0.01	1.93 ± 0.03†§
Relative wall thickness	0.428 ± 0.002	0.427 ± 0.002	0.429 ± 0.004	0.426 ± 0.002	0.427 ± 0.002	0.428 ± 0.005
LV hypertrophy, %	10	10	13	9	10	15†‡
LV concentric hypertrophy, %	7	6	9‡	6	6	10*‡
LV eccentric hypertrophy, %	3	4	4	3	4	5
LV concentric remodeling, %	38	40	37	38	41*	36
LV normal geometry, %	52	50	50	53	49	49
Left atrial volume index, mL/m2	25.4 ± 0.2	25.5 ± 0.2	24.7 ± 0.5	25.3 ± 0.2	25.4 ± 0.2	25.0 ± 0.5
RV end-diastolic area, cm2	19.5 ± 0.1	19.5 ± 0.1	18.8 ± 0.3*‡	19.3 ± 0.1	19.3 ± 0.1	19.1 ± 0.3
RV end-systolic area, cm2	9.2 ± 0.1	9.2 ± 0.1	8.9 ± 0.2*‡	9.2 ± 0.1	9.1 ± 0.1	9.0 ± 0.2

Legend. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard error. LV – left ventricular; EDV – end-diastolic volume; RV – right ventricular.

^*p<0.05 and

^†p<0.01 vs. never smokers and

^‡p<0.05 and

^§p<0.01 vs. former smokers.

Model 1: Adjusted for age, sex and race

Model 2: Further adjusted for body mass index, diabetes, anti-hypertensive medications, systolic blood pressure, current alcohol consumption, heart rate and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity.