(A) HR, (B) FS, and (C) LVID;d and (D) cardiac hypertrophy (HW/TL) of control or control+cNAMPT mice challenged with saline or isoproterenol (ISO, 30 mg/kg/day) for two weeks were measured. N=5–9. (E) HR, (F) FS, (G) LVID;d, ratio of (H) HW/TL of cKO or cKO+cNAMPT mice challenged with saline or ISO were recorded. N=5–8. *: P<0.05 compared to corresponding Saline; #: P<0.05 compared to corresponding ISO. Data are expressed as means ±SEM.