Appendix Table 3.
Characteristics of Infants Born to Women With GDM, by Lactation Intensity Groups at 6 to 9 wk After Delivery*
| Characteristic | Exclusive Formula (n = 153) |
Mostly Formula, Mixed/Inconsistent (n = 214) |
Mostly Lactation (n = 387) |
Exclusive Lactation (n = 205) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean birthweight (SD), g† | 3435 (478.9) | 3426 (495.7) | 3355 (523.5) | 3470 (460.6) |
| Mean length (SD), cm† | 50.5 (2.5) | 51.0 (2.4) | 50.3 (2.5) | 50.7 (2.4) |
| Mean weight for length Z score (SD)† | −0.2 (1.5) | −0.5 (1.3) | −0.3 (1.4) | −0.2 (1.3) |
| Median weight for length Z score† | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.6) | −0.5 (−1.4 to 0.2) | −0.4 (−1.2 to 0.6) | −0.2 (−1.1 to 0.8) |
| Sex, n (%)† | ||||
| Female | 76 (49.7) | 81 (37.8) | 192 (49.6) | 103 (50.2) |
| Male | 77 (50.3) | 133 (62.2) | 195 (50.4) | 102 (49.8) |
| Gestational age, n (%)ठ| ||||
| 35 to <37 wk (preterm) | 6 (3.9) | 5 (2.3) | 29 (7.5) | 4 (2.0) |
| ≥37 wk (term) | 147 (96.1) | 209 (97.7) | 358 (92.5) | 201 (98.0) |
| Birthweight, n (%)†‡ | ||||
| 1500–2499 g | 3 (2.0) | 2 (0.9) | 18 (4.7) | 3 (1.5) |
| 2500–2999 g | 26 (17.0) | 38 (17.8) | 85 (22.0) | 27 (13.2) |
| 3000–3999 g | 108 (70.5) | 150 (70.1) | 241 (62.2) | 152 (74.1) |
| ≥4000 g | 16 (10.5) | 24 (11.2) | 43 (11.1) | 23 (11.2) |
| Birth size for gestational age, n (%)‡ | ||||
| Small | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.3) | 9 (2.3) | 3 (1.5) |
| Appropriate | 119 (77.8) | 161 (75.2) | 293 (75.7) | 157 (76.6) |
| Large | 34 (22.2) | 46 (21.5) | 85 (22.0) | 45 (22.0) |
| Apgar score at 5 min, n (%)‡ | ||||
| ≤6 | 1 (0.7) | 4 (1.9) | 4 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| ≥7 | 149 (97.3) | 209 (97.6) | 377 (97.4) | 201 (98.0) |
| Missing | 3 (2.0) | 1 (0.5) | 6 (1.6) | 4 (2.0) |
| Newborn nursery, n (%)ठ| ||||
| NICU | 10 (6.5) | 11 (5.1) | 22 (5.7) | 2 (1.0) |
| Brief/intermediate level | 10 (6.5) | 21 (9.8) | 26 (6.7) | 4 (2.0) |
| Well care | 133 (86.9) | 182 (85.1) | 339 (87.6) | 199 (97.1) |
| Hospital stay, n (%)† | ||||
| ≥3 d | 37 (24.2) | 48 (22.4) | 77 (19.9) | 27 (13.2) |
| <3 d | 116 (75.8) | 166 (77.6) | 310 (80.1) | 178 (86.8) |
GDM = gestational diabetes mellitus; IQR = interquartile range; NICU = neonatal intensive care unit.
*
Study baseline. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables; F test was used for continuous variables. Kruskal–Wallis test for comparison of medians. Two-sided P values.
†
P < 0.050.
‡
Fisher exact test for cell sizes <5.
§
P < 0.010.