Table 1. Age-adjusted arithmetic and geometric means and 95% CI of variables by participant characteristics.
| Variables | Earphone using time (hour) | Blood lead (ug/dL) | Pure-tone average (dB) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1036 | n = 7596 | n = 7596 | |||||
| AM (95% CI)a | p-valueb | GM (95% CI)a | p-valueb | GM (95% CI)a | p-valueb | ||
| Total | 1.37 (1.25, 1.49) | 2.08 (2.05, 2.11) | 12.84 (12.40, 13.28) | ||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 1.45 (1.27, 1.64) | 0.174 | 2.42 (2.38, 2.46) | <0.001 | 15.21 (14.71, 15.73) | <0.001 | |
| Female | 1.28 (1.11, 1.44) | 1.78 (1.75, 1.81) | 10.68 (10.28, 11.08) | ||||
| Age (years) | |||||||
| <20 | 1.43 (1.18, 1.68) | 0.130 | 1.31 (1.27, 1.35) | <0.001 | 2.32 (1.81, 2.84) | <0.001 | |
| 20–39 | 1.26 (1.14, 1.37) | 1.85 (1.82, 1.89) | 5.71 (5.33, 6.10) | ||||
| 40–59 | 1.79 (1.16, 2.42) | 2.36 (2.32, 2.40) | 15.92 (15.38, 16.47) | ||||
| ≥60 | 1.10 (0.68, 1.52) | 2.39 (2.32, 2.47) | 31.15 (29.64, 32.72) | ||||
| Monthly income (million Won) | |||||||
| <1 | 1.22 (1.01, 1.43) | 0.332 | 2.26 (2.17, 2.34) | 0.357 | 13.58 (12.61, 14.56) | 0.002 | |
| 1–2 | 1.53 (1.25, 1.81) | 2.07 (2.03, 2.12) | 13.37 (12.79, 13.97) | ||||
| 2–3 | 1.40 (1.14, 1.65) | 2.03 (1.98, 2.07) | 12.58 (12.03, 13.15) | ||||
| ≥3 | 1.27 (1.09, 1.45) | 2.03 (1.99, 2.08) | 12.08 (11.55, 12.62) | ||||
| Education | |||||||
| <High school | 1.32 (0.95, 1.69) | 0.358 | 2.22 (2.16, 2.27) | <0.001 | 14.09 (13.44, 14.76) | <0.001 | |
| High school | 1.53 (1.25, 1.81) | 2.11 (2.06, 2.16) | 13.32 (12.76, 13.90) | ||||
| >High school | 1.30 (1.16, 1.44) | 1.94 (1.90, 1.98) | 11.30 (10.85, 11.77) | ||||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never | 1.27 (1.11, 1.43) | 0.248 | 1.84 (1.81, 1.87) | <0.001 | 11.29 (10.87, 11.72) | <0.001 | |
| Past-smoker | 1.41 (1.13, 1.70) | 2.28 (2.22, 2.34) | 15.01 (14.21, 15.84) | ||||
| Current-smoker | 1.65 (1.26, 2.04) | 2.59 (2.54, 2.65) | 15.06 (14.36, 15.78) | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| <25 | 1.29 (1.15, 1.43) | 0.214 | 2.05 (2.01, 2.08) | <0.001 | 12.70 (12.32, 13.08) | 0.207 | |
| 25–30 | 1.57 (1.22, 1.92) | 2.17 (2.12, 2.22) | 13.04 (12.37, 13.72) | ||||
| ≥30 | 1.74 (1.03, 2.46) | 2.08 (1.99, 2.19) | 14.04 (12.43, 15.76) | ||||
| Occupational noise exposure | |||||||
| No | 1.33 (1.20, 1.47) | 0.243 | 2.04 (2.01, 2.07) | <0.001 | 12.40 (12.03, 12.77) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 1.64 (1.16, 2.11) | 2.37 (2.30, 2.45) | 15.86 (14.89, 16.87) | ||||
| Loud noise exposure | |||||||
| No | 1.34 (1.23, 1.46) | 0.256 | 2.08 (2.05, 2.10) | <0.001 | 12.84 (12.49, 13.19) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 1.95 (0.92, 2.98) | 2.21 (2.04, 2.39) | 13.34 (11.42, 15.43) | ||||
| Firearm noise exposure | |||||||
| No | 1.36 (1.21, 1.52) | 0.845 | 2.00 (1.96, 2.02) | <0.001 | 12.13 (11.74, 12.52) | <0.001 | |
| Yes | 1.34 (1.13, 1.54) | 2.39 (2.33, 2.44) | 15.28 (14.64, 15.93) | ||||
| Current diagnosis of hypertension | |||||||
| Normal | 1.23 (1.11, 1.35) | 0.031 | 2.06 (2.02, 2.10) | <0.001 | 13.98 (13.48, 14.49) | 0.126 | |
| Pre-hypertension | 1.38 (1.03, 1.73) | 2.27 (2.21, 2.33) | 14.61 (13.94, 15.31) | ||||
| Hypertension | 2.25 (1.49, 3.02) | 2.29 (2.24, 2.35) | 14.90 (14.12, 15.70) | ||||
| Current diagnosis of diabetes | |||||||
| No | 1.51 (0.61, 2.42) | 0.206 | 2.02 (2.03, 2.28) | 0.802 | 13.00 (9.36, 17.27) | 0.868 | |
| Yes | 0.73 (0.18, 1.28) | 1.92 (1.80, 2.06) | 13.86 (12.33, 15.48) | ||||
aAge-adjusted value except for age groups.
bt-test or Wald F-test