Table 4. Longitudinal Effects of GSA Presence and Participation on Homophobic Bullying Experiences and Perceptions of School Safety.
Homophobic Bullying Panel 2 | Perception of Safety Panel 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 B(SE) | Step 2 B(SE) | Step 1 B(SE) | Step 2 B(SE) | |
Intercept | .93(.51) | .93(.51) | 1.25(.65) | 1.42*(.62) |
GSA Panel 1 | ||||
Presence | -.19*(.08) | -.21*(.10) | .14(.11) | .36*(.12) |
Participation | -.03(.09) | -.07(.10) | .14(.11) | .42*(.13) |
GSA Changes at Panel 2 | ||||
Presence 1 | -.03(.11) | .39*(.13) | ||
Participation 1 | -.03(.05) | .21*(.06) | ||
Covariates | ||||
Bisexuala | -.11(.07) | -.10(.07) | .10(.09) | .05(.09) |
Questioninga | .05(.11) | .05(.11) | .16(.14) | .18(.14) |
Womanb | -.22*(.07) | -.22*(.07) | -.07(.08) | -.03(.08) |
Age | .01(.03) | .01(.03) | -.01(.03) | -.01(.03) |
Latino | -.07(.09) | -.07(.09) | -.18(.11) | -.15(.10) |
Asianc | -.13(.14) | -.14(.14) | .05(.17) | .07(.16) |
Blackc | .14(.10) | .13(.10) | -.15(.13) | -.08(.12) |
Native Americanc | -.18(.16) | -.19(.17) | .32(.21) | .36(.20) |
Multi-racialc | -.03(.10) | -.04(.10) | -.10(.12) | -.04(.12) |
No Racec | -.09(.11) | -.10(.11) | .05(.14) | .09(.13) |
West Coastd | .12(.08) | .12(.08) | -.20(.11) | -.20(.11) |
Southwestd | .21*(.08) | .20*(.08) | -.21(.10) | -.17(.10) |
College/Universitye | -.09(.10) | -.08(.10) | .03(.12) | .03(.12) |
Being out at school | .02(.03) | .02(.03) | .07(.04) | .07(.04) |
Online Administrationf | .10(.09) | .10(.09) | .02(.14) | .07(.13) |
Panel 1 Baseline | ||||
Homophobic Bullying/Perception of Safety | .11*(.04) | .11*(.04) | .25*(.05) | .25*(.05) |
| ||||
Adjusted R2 | .12* | .11* | .11* | .16* |
Note:
GSA Presence Change at Panel 2 and GSA Participation Change at Panel 2 range from -1 to 1 and indicate whether respondents reported presence or participation only at panel 1 (-1), at both panels (or no change: 0), or only at panel 2 (1);
Reference groups for categorical variables are Gay/Lesbian.
Man.
White,
Northeast,
High School;
Paper-And-Pencil Administration;
p < .05.