Table 4. Longitudinal Effects of GSA Presence and Participation on Homophobic Bullying Experiences and Perceptions of School Safety.
| Homophobic Bullying Panel 2 | Perception of Safety Panel 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Step 1 B(SE) | Step 2 B(SE) | Step 1 B(SE) | Step 2 B(SE) | |
| Intercept | .93(.51) | .93(.51) | 1.25(.65) | 1.42*(.62) |
| GSA Panel 1 | ||||
| Presence | -.19*(.08) | -.21*(.10) | .14(.11) | .36*(.12) |
| Participation | -.03(.09) | -.07(.10) | .14(.11) | .42*(.13) |
| GSA Changes at Panel 2 | ||||
| Presence 1 | -.03(.11) | .39*(.13) | ||
| Participation 1 | -.03(.05) | .21*(.06) | ||
| Covariates | ||||
| Bisexuala | -.11(.07) | -.10(.07) | .10(.09) | .05(.09) |
| Questioninga | .05(.11) | .05(.11) | .16(.14) | .18(.14) |
| Womanb | -.22*(.07) | -.22*(.07) | -.07(.08) | -.03(.08) |
| Age | .01(.03) | .01(.03) | -.01(.03) | -.01(.03) |
| Latino | -.07(.09) | -.07(.09) | -.18(.11) | -.15(.10) |
| Asianc | -.13(.14) | -.14(.14) | .05(.17) | .07(.16) |
| Blackc | .14(.10) | .13(.10) | -.15(.13) | -.08(.12) |
| Native Americanc | -.18(.16) | -.19(.17) | .32(.21) | .36(.20) |
| Multi-racialc | -.03(.10) | -.04(.10) | -.10(.12) | -.04(.12) |
| No Racec | -.09(.11) | -.10(.11) | .05(.14) | .09(.13) |
| West Coastd | .12(.08) | .12(.08) | -.20(.11) | -.20(.11) |
| Southwestd | .21*(.08) | .20*(.08) | -.21(.10) | -.17(.10) |
| College/Universitye | -.09(.10) | -.08(.10) | .03(.12) | .03(.12) |
| Being out at school | .02(.03) | .02(.03) | .07(.04) | .07(.04) |
| Online Administrationf | .10(.09) | .10(.09) | .02(.14) | .07(.13) |
| Panel 1 Baseline | ||||
| Homophobic Bullying/Perception of Safety | .11*(.04) | .11*(.04) | .25*(.05) | .25*(.05) |
|
| ||||
| Adjusted R2 | .12* | .11* | .11* | .16* |
Note:
1
GSA Presence Change at Panel 2 and GSA Participation Change at Panel 2 range from -1 to 1 and indicate whether respondents reported presence or participation only at panel 1 (-1), at both panels (or no change: 0), or only at panel 2 (1);
a
Reference groups for categorical variables are Gay/Lesbian.
b
Man.
c
White,
d
Northeast,
e
High School;
f
Paper-And-Pencil Administration;
*
p < .05.