Table 1.
Participant characteristics for anthropometric and hormone results by stunting status
| Characteristic, mean (SD) unless otherwise noted | Overall | Stunted (n = 86) | Nonstunted (n = 62) | P value∗ | Low weight-for-length (<2 SD) (n = 23) |
Normal weight-for-length (n = 125) | P value∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal data | |||||||
| Age (y), median (IQR) | 25 (22–32) | 25 (20–32) | 25.5 (22–31) | 0.875 | 24.5 (22–31) | 25.0 (22–32) | 0.596 |
| Income ($), median (IQR) | 373 (300–540) | 390 (270–600) | 350 (300–481) | 0.556 | 650 (500–1500) | 622 (500–890) | 0.596 |
| Education (y), median (IQR) | 8 (6–11) | 9 (6–11) | 8 (5–11) | 0.824 | 8 (6–12) | 8.5 (6–11) | 0.657 |
| Height, cm | 151.8 (6.4) | 150.3 (6.6) | 153.9 (5.5) | 0.001 | 148 (144–151.5) | 152 (148–156.5) | 0.014 |
| Weight, kg | 57.3 (12.5) | 55.8 (11.9) | 59.3 (13) | 0.082 | 53.5 (50–58.1) | 57.0 (47.1–66.5) | 0.288 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.9 (5.3) | 24.8 (5.2) | 25.1 (5.5) | 0.636 | 24.8 (23.1–28.3) | 24.1 (20.4–28.3) | 0.912 |
| Child data | |||||||
| Age (mo), median (IQR) | 13.5 (9.1–19.1) | 16.3 (11.7–19.9) | 10.6 (7.3–16.4) | <0.001 | 17.5 (5.4) | 13.7 (5.6) | 0.004 |
| % female | 48.3 | 46.5 | 50.8 | 0.607 | 34.8 | 50.8 | 0.148 |
| Birthweight, kg | 2.89 | 2.57 | 3.31 | <0.0001 | 2.67 | 2.93 | 0.106 |
| WAZ | −1.31 (1.58) | −2.39 (0.95) | 0.17 (1.18) | <0.0001 | −3.28 (0.63) | −0.95 (1.51) | <0.0001 |
| HAZ | −1.76 (1.38) | −2.89 (0.75) | −0.21 (0.83) | <0.0001 | −2.82 (1.00) | −1.56 (1.55) | <0.0001 |
| WHZ | −0.52 (1.46) | −1.20 (1.16) | 0.39 (1.26) | <0.0001 | −2.58 (0.37) | −0.15 (1.22) | <0.0001 |
| Serum measures | |||||||
| GH (ng/mL), median IQR | 1.71 (0.81–3.05) | 1.8 (1.2–3.5) | 1.6 (0.7–2.4) | 0.075† | 1.73 (1.26–2.18) | 1.69 (0.81–3.21) | 0.976† |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL), median IQR | 33.4 (24.9–66.7) | 32.0 (24.9–68.8) | 34 (24.9–60) | 0.775† | 33.3 (24.9–58.5) | 33.5 (24.9–67.1) | 0.616† |
| IGFBP-3, mg/L | 2.40 (0.94) | 2.22 (0.99) | 2.63 (0.82) | 0.034 | 2.07 (1.06) | 2.47 (0.90) | 0.174 |
| Free T4, μg/dL | 1.09 (0.18) | 1.11 (0.17) | 1.08 (0.18) | 0.428 | 1.09 (0.20) | 1.09 (0.17) | 0.897 |
| TSH, μU/mL | 3.18 (1.88) | 3.01 (1.76) | 3.43 (2.03) | 0.210 | 2.63 (1.65) | 3.28 (1.90) | 0.104 |
| hsCRP (mg/L), median IQR | 1.12 (0.37–4.91) | 1.09 (0.30–5.03) | 1.13 (0.42–4.18) | 0.916† | 0.51 (0.20–5.42) | 1.13 (0.38–4.41) | 0.504 |
| Stool measures | |||||||
| Neopterin, median IQR | 1335 (746–2174) | 1168 (630–1961) | 1793 (821–2595) | 0.420† | 841 (298–1816) | 998 (518–2044) | 0.276† |
| α-1 antitrypsin, median IQR | 10.4 (4.3–21.1) | 10.2 (3.9–21.9) | 10.7 (6.4–20.3) | 0.546† | 10.3 (4.4–21.8) | 10.9 (4.6–19.7) | 0.653† |
| Myeloperoxidase, median IQR | 3439 (1478–6954) | 3114 (1602–6606) | 3881 (1388–7085) | 0.322† | 2427 (1759–5647) | 3481 (1474–7267) | 0.925† |
| Illness measures | |||||||
| Fever previous wk, % | 35.6 | 34.9 | 36.5 | 0.838 | 47.8 | 32.3 | 0.182 |
| Cough previous wk, % | 20.1 | 24.4 | 14.3 | 0.128 | 12.1 | 19.1 | 0.439 |
| Diarrhea previous wk, % | 12.8 | 14 | 11.1 | 0.607 | 8.7 | 13.5 | 0.526 |
BMI, body mass index; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; GH, growth hormone; HAZ, height-for-age Z score; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGFBP, IGF binding protein; IQR, interquartile range; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; WAZ, weight-for-age Z score; WHZ, weight-for-height Z score
P value <0.05 is indicated in bold
∗
Demographic variables that were skewed were compared using Wilcoxon Rank Sum.
†
P value for comparison of log-transformed values.