Table 1. Characteristics of the Study Population according to Framingham Risk Score Tertile.

Characteristic	Total	Tertile 1 (FRS ≤12)	Tertile 2 (12<FRS<16)	Tertile 3 (FRS ≥16)	P value
Number	2,316	844	670	802
Age, yr	60.35±0.21	54.46±0.17	60.16±0.27a	68.59±0.33a,b	<0.001
BMI, kg/m2	23.92±0.08	23.41±0.12	24.30±0.15a	24.25±0.13a	<0.001
WC, cm	80.48±0.26	78.06±0.37	81.19±0.42a	83.10±0.39a,b	<0.001
SBP, mm Hg	122.65±0.49	113.54±0.57	122.64±0.75a	135.13±0.78a,b	<0.001
DBP, mm Hg	76.19±0.26	74.44±0.35	77.08±0.46a	77.73±0.47a	<0.001
FPG, mg/dL	93.95±0.26	92.07±0.37	95.18±0.47a	95.35±0.40a	<0.001
HbA1c, %	5.71±0.00	5.62±0.01	5.77±0.01a	5.78±0.01a	<0.001
TC, mg/dL	207.40±0.87	197.34±1.23	214.59±1.53a	214.30±1.45a	<0.001
TG, mg/dL	130.22±2.14	107.84±2.59	135.43±4.04a	155.83±4.37a,b	<0.001
LDL-C, mg/dL	127.50±0.78	118.87±1.10	134.06±1.44a	133.02±1.35a	<0.001
HDL-C, mg/dL	53.86±0.32	56.90±0.53	53.43±0.57a	50.11±0.49a,b	<0.001
Serum Cr, mg/dL	0.72±0.00	0.72±0.00	0.71±0.00	0.73±0.00	0.072
Smoking, %					<0.001
None	93.2	98.9	91.9a	86.6a,b
Ex-smoking	2.6	0.3	2.8a	5.5a,b
Current	4.2	0.8	5.3a	7.9a,b
Alcohol drinking, %					<0.001
None	45.6	38.6	46.5a	54.5a,b
≤1/week	47.9	54.5	46.2a	40.7a,b
2–3/weeks	4.5	5.7	4.4a	2.8a,b
≥4/weeks	2.0	1.2	3.0a	2.0a,b
Family income, %c					<0.001
<100	23.5	8.1	22.1a	45.8a,b
100–199	18.0	15.3	20.3a	19.5a,b
200–299	16.2	16.6	18.4a	13.5a,b
≥300	42.4	60.0	39.2a	21.1a,b
Less than high school education, %	67.9	51.1	73.3a	85.7a,b	<0.001
Residence in urban area, %	64.6	70.2	63.4a	58.0a,b	<0.001
Regular exercise, yes, %d	6.8	7.2	6.8	6.2	0.769
HTN history, %	26.3	10.0	21.2a	53.4a,b	<0.001
Age at menarche, yr	15.89±0.05	15.52±0.08	16.01±0.09a	16.27±0.08a	<0.001
Age at menopause, yr	50.14±0.09	49.96±0.12	50.50±0.16a	50.05±0.22	0.036
Lactation, ever, %	87.9	83.5	88.7a	93.3a,b	<0.001
OC, ever, %	19.8	12.7	23.2a	26.1a,b	<0.001
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2	84.60±0.40	86.66±0.60	85.27±0.72	81.45±0.67a,b	<0.001
FRS	13.60±0.10	10.03±0.07	13.91±0.04a	18.18±0.08a,b	<0.001
UACR, mg/g	11.29±0.66	7.19±1.0 1	9.34±0.71a	18.75±1.51a,b	<0.001
Log UACR, mg/ge	1.40±0.04	0.99±0.06	1.45±0.06a	1.09±0.07a,b	<0.001
UACR, %					<0.001
≤5.0 mg/g	54.2	67.8	52.0a	37.7a,b
5.1–9.9 mg/g	21.8	17.8	24.2a	25.0a,b
10.0–29.9 mg/g	16.6	10.7	18.4a	22.8a,b
30.0–299.9 mg/g	7.4	3.6	5.5a	14.4a,b

Values are expressed as mean±SD.

FRS, Framingham Risk Score; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; Cr, creatinine; HTN, hypertension; OC, oral contraceptive; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, urinary albumin to creatinine ratio.

^aP<0.05 for tertile 1 vs. tertile 2 and tertile 1 vs. tertile 3; ^bP<0.05 for tertile 2 vs. tertile 3; ^cUnit is 10,000 Korean won/month; ^dRegular exercise is indicated as 'yes' when the subject performs moderate exercise on a regular basis (more than 30 minutes at a time and more than five times per week); ^eUACR was logarithmically transformed for analysis to ensure a normal distribution.