Table 3. Osteopenia and Osteoporosis Prevalence Rates and Odds Ratios (95% CI) of Normal Weight, Overweight and Obese Men <50 Years, Men ≥50 Years, Premenopausal Women, and Postmenopausal Women.
| Variable | Prevalence, % (95% CI) | Age-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men <50 Years | Men ≥50 Years | Premenopausal women | Postmenopausal women | Men <50 Years | Men ≥50 Years | Premenopausal women | Postmenopausal women | |
| Femoral neck osteopenia | - | 41.8 (36.9–46.7) | - | 50.4 (48.7–52.0) | - | - | - | - |
| Normal weight | - | 32.2 (24.7–39.7) | - | 45.2 (41.4–49.0) | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 |
| Overweight | - | 45.0 (37.3–52.7) | - | 51.4 (48.8–54.1) | - | 0.59 (0.25–1.39) | - | 0.62 (0.46–0.84)b |
| Obese | - | 53.1 (41.7–64.3) | - | 51.7 (49.1–54.3) | - | 0.19 (0.07–0.56)b | - | 0.38 (0.29–0.51)c |
| Femoral neck osteoporosise | 9.9 (6.0–15.2) | 46.9 (42.0–51.9) | 2.5 (1.8–3.3) | 28.4 (26.9–29.9) | - | - | - | - |
| Normal weight | 17.6 (9.7–28.2) | 59.7 (51.9–67.6) | 5.7 (3.7–8.3) | 44.3 (40.5–48.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight | 5.4 (1.5–13.3) | 44.4 (36.7–52.1) | 1.9 (1.0–3.1) | 30.3 (27.9–32.8) | 0.28 (0.09–0.094)d | 0.52 (0.23–1.16) | 0.34 (0.17–0.68)b | 0.36 (0.26–0.50)c |
| Obese | 2.9 (0.08–15.3) | 28.4 (18.9–39.5) | 0.9 (0.3–2.1) | 19.4 (17.3–21.4) | 0.17 (0.02–1.40) | 0.26 (0.11–0.64)b | 0.18 (0.07–0.45)c | 0.15 (0.11–0.20)c |
| L1–L4 osteopenia | - | 43.1 (38.2–48.0) | - | 43.2 (41.5–44.8) | - | - | - | - |
| Normal weight | - | 46.3 (38.3–54.3) | - | 41.7 (37.9–45.5) | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 |
| Overweight | - | 41.2 (33.6–48.9) | - | 44.4 (41.8–47.1) | - | 0.72 (0.45–1.13) | - | 1.09 (0.90–1.33) |
| Obese | - | 40.7 (29.9–52.2) | - | 42.7 (40.2–45.3) | - | 0.66 (0.38–1.15) | - | 1.01 (0.83–1.23) |
| L1–L4 osteoporosise | 7.1 (3.7–12.1) | 7.7 (5.3–10.8) | 5.5 (4.4–6.7) | 6.9 (6.1–7.8) | - | - | - | - |
| Normal weight | 5.9 (1.6–14.4) | 10.1 (5.2–14.0) | 5.6 (3.6–8.4) | 8.2 (6.2–10.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight | 8.7 (3.3–18.0) | 7.5 (3.9–12.7) | 5.6 (4.0–7.8) | 6.7 (5.4–8.2) | 1.68 (0.44–6.38) | 0.62 (0.27–1.40) | 1.00 (0.57–1.73) | 0.8 4 (0.58–1.21) |
| Obese | 6.5 (0.6–21.4) | 3.7 (0.8–10.4) | 5.3 (3.6–7.5) | 6.4 (5.2–7.8) | 1.31 (0.22–7.79) | 0.29 (0.08–1.02) | 0.94 (0.53–1.69) | 0.79 (0.55–1.14) |
| Total hip osteopenia | - | 46.2 (41.2–51.1) | - | 43.2 (41.5–44.8) | - | - | - | - |
| Normal weight | - | 40.3 (32.4–48.1) | - | 52.7 (48.9–56.6) | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 |
| Overweight | - | 48.8 (41.0–56.5) | - | 46.5 (43.8–49.1) | - | 0.53 (0.97–1.03) | - | 0.50 (0.40–0.62)c |
| Obese | - | 51.9 (40.5–63.1) | - | 35.8 (33.3–38.3) | - | 0.32 (0.15–0.67)b | - | 0.28 (0.23–0.35)c |
| Total hip osteoporosise | 18.7 (13.0–24.3) | 34.6 (29.9–39.3) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 8.2 (7.3–9.1) | - | - | - | - |
| Normal weight | 33.8 (23.2–45.7) | 50.3 (42.3–58.4) | 2.5 (1.3–4.5) | 19.5 (16.4–22.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Overweight | 12.2 (5.7–21.8) | 31.9 (24.7–39.1) | 0.7 (0.2–1.5) | 8.0 (6.7–9.5) | 0.27 (0.12–0.65)b | 0.27 (0.13–0.55)c | 0.29 (0.10–0.86)d | 0.19 (0.13–0.28)c |
| Obese | 0.0 (0.0–10.3) | 11.1 (5.2–20.1) | 0.2 (0.006–0.9) | 3.3 (2.5–4.4) | 0.04 (0.02–0.09)c | 0.05 (0.02–0.14)c | 0.07 (0.009–0.56)d | 0.06 (0.04–0.10)c |
CI, confidence interval.
aOdds ratios (with 95% CI) were calculated by multiple logistic regression; bP<0.01; cP<0.001; dP<0.05; eZ-scores (Z-score ≤–2.0) were used to diagnose low bone mass for premenopausal women and men <50 years and T-scores were used for postmenopausal women and men ≥50 years which were categorized as: normal if T-score ≥–1.0; osteopenia if –2.5<T-score<–1.0; osteoporosis if T-score ≤–2.5.