Table 1. Clinical Characteristics of Study Subjects with No CKD, Stages 1 to 2 CKD, Nonalbuminuric, and Albuminuric Stage ≥3 CKD.
| Variable | No CKD | Stages 1–2 CKD | Nonalbuminuric stage ≥3 CKD | Albuminuric stage ≥3 CKD | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 321 (30) | 332 (31) | 98 (9) | 316 (30) | |
| Age, yr | 55.5±11.1 | 55.3±11.6 | 66.4±11.4 | 60.9±12.8 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 189 (59) | 186 (56) | 60 (61) | 126 (40) | 0.016 |
| DM duration, yr | 3.1±2.2 | 4.6±3.0 | 6.8 ±4.1 | 10.5±6.2 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.6±3.8 | 25.6±4.1 | 24.1±4.2 | 24.7±4.7 | 0.752 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 126±17 | 128±17 | 134±17 | 138±25 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 72±11 | 72±12 | 85±14 | 86±15 | <0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 15.0±4.1 | 15.2±4.5 | 29.4±8.4 | 32.1±11.9 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.81±0.18 | 0.83±0.18 | 2.12±0.63 | 2.43±0.85 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.4±1.1 | 7.7±1.5 | 8.1±1.9 | 8.8±1.1 | 0.012 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 177±31 | 179±34 | 189±25 | 190±37 | 0.051 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 91±19 | 94±28 | 110±30 | 109±28 | 0.109 |
| Triglyceride, mg/dL | 185±99 | 188±83 | 192±103 | 190±93 | 0.256 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 49±7 | 48±6 | 41±7 | 43±10 | 0.010 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.4±10.7 | 90.2±11.3 | 42.1±10.0 | 39.1±11.1 | <0.001 |
| Urine ACR, mg/g | 16.9±4.5 | 223.2±81.3 | 18.7±5.9 | 1,032.5±88.1 | <0.001 |
| hsCRP, mg/dL | 0.10±0.06 | 0.10±0.08 | 0.11±0.35 | 0.15±0.29 | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 144 (45) | 143 (43) | 38 (39) | 133 (42) | 0.249 |
| Retinopathy | 9 (3) | 23 (7) | 27 (28) | 126 (40) | <0.001 |
| Previous CVD events | 16 (5) | 20 (6) | 19 (19) | 85 (27) | 0.002 |
| Coronary artery diseases | 9 | 10 | 12 | 65 | |
| Cerebrovascular diseases | 7 | 8 | 7 | 16 | |
| Peripheral vascular diseases | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | |
| Statin | 144 (45) | 156 (47) | 59 (60) | 205 (65) | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 202 (63) | 225 (68) | 71 (72) | 246 (78) | <0.001 |
| ACEIs/ARBs | 173 (54) | 189 (57) | 67 (68) | 186 (59) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as number (%) or mean±SD. eGFR was estimated by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation. Patients who co-use ACEIs/ARBs and other antihypertensive drugs were counted in duplicate.
CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; CVD, cardiovascular disease; ACEI, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker.