Table 2.

Rates of anxiety disorders in developed countries (ordered chronologically).

Authors	Study characteristics	Control group	Measurement of anxiety disorders	Rates of anxiety disorders
Sewell et al., 2000	n = 183 homosexual HIV+ men who reported nonintravenous drug use	84 seronegative nonintravenous drug using homosexual men; national comorbidity study as additional control group	Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I (SCID-I4)	19% of HIV+ participants met criteria for any anxiety disorder, compared to 18% in seronegative control group and 19% in the national comorbidity survey. There were no significant differences in rates of agoraphobia w/o panic, OCD, panic disorder, social phobia, or simple phobia.
Orlando et al., 2002	n = 2864 selected from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS1) who were reached for reassessment	None	Composite International Diagnostic Interview – Short Form (CIDI-SF2)	At baseline assessment 47.9% of participants met criteria for any psychological disorder, 15.8% met criteria for GAD and 10.5% met criteria for panic disorder
Tucker, Burnam, Sherbourne, Kung, & Gifford, 2003	n = 1910 participants selected from the HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS1) indicating medication adherence	None	Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI3) for GAD and panic disorder	3% of the total sample met criteria for GAD, and 13% for panic disorder
Mellins, Kang, Leu, Havens, & Chesney, 2003	n = 128 HIV + females; 58% African American	None	Clinical Diagnostic Questionnaire (CDQ5)	50% of participants met criteria for a current psychiatric disorder
Palmer, Salcedo, Miller, Winiarski, & Arno, 2003	n = 107; 47% male, 63% Hispanic	None	SCID-I4	12% met criteria for panic disorder with and without agoraphobia; 0% met criteria for GAD
Ingersoll, 2004	n = 120; 61.7% male, 83.3% African American, 47.5% disabled	None	CIDI-SF2	44.4% met criteria for any anxiety disorder, 26.1% for simple phobia, 14.8% for social phobia, 11.3% for panic attacks, and 9.6% for agoraphobia
Lambert, Keegan, & Petrak, 2005	n = 82 HIV+ females; 75% African American, 63% unemployed	None	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS6)	44% experienced moderate to severe anxiety, indicative of an anxiety disorder
Whetten et al., 2006	n = 141; 55.7% male, 79.3% African American, 63.1% temporarily/permanently disabled	None	SCID-I4	29.8% of participants met criteria for PTSD, 9.22% met criteria for panic disorder
Pence, Miller, Whetten, Eron, & Gaynes, 2006	n = 1125; 66.7% male, 62.6% African American	None	Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Symptom Screener (SAMISS7)	20.3% of participants met criteria for any anxiety disorder, 5.4% for panic disorder,
Nurutdinova et al., 2012	n = 9003; review of medical records for ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes	None	Psychiatric Disorder Diagnoses through VA healthcare system	18% of HIV+ veterans met criteria for an anxiety disorder
Reif et al., 2012	n = 40; 65% male, 80% African American, 62% over age 40	None	Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI8) and Short Form-12 mental health index (SF-129)	scores indicated 33% had a “probably anxiety disorder”
Lopes et al., 2012	n = 34,653 individuals taken from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, including 149 PLWHA	Non-HIV infected persons assessed during this survey	Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule – DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-IV; Grant et al., 2003)	HIV+ men were four times as likely to meet criteria for an anxiety disorder compared to HIV− men (OR = 4.02; 33.43% met criteria for any anxiety disorder), while HIV+ women were only marginally more likely to meet criteria for an anxiety disorder compared to HIV− women (OR = 1.17; 23.74% met criteria for any anxiety disorder).
Parhami, Fong, Siani, Carlotti, & Khanlou, 2013	n = review of 7834 medical records from HIV+ persons in California; mean age = 43.57, 88% male, 37% white	None	Diagnoses taken from medical records through AIDS Healthcare Foundation	16% of sample met criteria for an anxiety disorder
Glémaud et al., 2014	n = 96 HIV+ Haitian females, mean age = 74.6	None	Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire (PRIME-MD10)	42.7% of participants reported significant anxiety, and 2.1% reported panic-like symptoms
Robertson et al., 2014	n = 2863 PLWHA, 61.7% male, mean age = 42.9	None	HADS6	33.3% of sample met criteria for a “possible anxiety disorder”
Kosiba, Gonzalez, O’Cleirigh, & Safren, 2014	n = 131 PLWHA in treatment for opioid use	None	MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI15)	Among PLWHA 15.5% met criteria for GAD and 15.1% met criteria for PD. Among controls 4.3% met criteria for GAD, 6.5% met criteria for PD. All ps < 0.001
O’Cleirigh, Magidson, Skeer, Mayer, & Safren, 2014	n = 503 HIV infected gay/bisexual men	None	Medical Record Review	22.3% of participants met criteria for social phobia, 9.5% met criteria for panic disorder, and 7.8% met criteria for GAD

¹HIV Cost and Services Utilization Study (HCSUS; Bozzette et al., 1999);

²Composite International Diagnostic Interview – Short Form (CIDI-SF; Kessler, Andrews, Mroczek, Ustun, & Wittchen, 1998b);

³Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; Kessler, Andrews, Ustun, & Wittchen, 1998a);

⁴Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis I (SCID-I; First, Gibbon, Spitzer, & Williams, 1995);

⁵Clinical Diagnostic Questionnaire (CDQ; Aidala et al., 2004);

⁶Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983);

⁷Substance Abuse and Mental Illness Symptom Screener (SAMISS; Pence et al., 2005);

⁸Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI, Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1983);

⁹Short Form-12 mental health index (SF-12, Hurst, Kind, & Ruta, 1998);

¹⁰Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders Patient Health Questionnaire (PRIME-MD; Spitzer, Kroenke, & Williams, 1999);

¹¹Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule – DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-IV; Grant et al., 2003);

¹²Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; Kessler, et al., 1998b);

¹⁵MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI; Sheehan et al., 1998).