Table 3.

Rates of anxiety disorders in developing countries (ordered chronologically).

Authors	Study characteristics	Control group	Measurement of anxiety disorders	Rates of anxiety disorders
Petrushkin, Boardman, & Ovuga, 2005	n = 46 Ugandans, 52.2% female, mean age = 36.6	None	MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI1)	32.6% met criteria for panic disorder, 23.9% met criteria for panic with agoraphobia, 10.9% for social anxiety disorder, and 4.3% for OCD
Olley, Seedat, Nei, & Stein, 2004	n = 149 HIV+ individuals living in South Africa; 70% female, mean age = 30	None	MINI1	14.8% of participants met criteria for PTSD, and 6.7% met criteria for GAD
Adewuya et al., 2007	n = 88 HIV+ individuals living in Nigeria newly diagnosed with HIV (first seropositive test < 1 month prior)	87 seronegative controls matched on age, sex, andsocioeconomic status	MINI1	34.1% of HIV+ participants met criteria for any anxiety disorder, compared to 12.5% of controls (Odds Ratio = 3.57; CI = 1.657.72)
Spies et al., 2009	n = 429 HIV+ individuals living in South Africa; 67% Xhosa speaking, 25% Afrikaans speaking, 8% English speaking	None	K-102 and MINI1	15.3% met criteria for panic disorder, 18.4% agoraphobia, 12.3% social phobia, 21.5% PTSD, and 18.4% GAD
Marwick & Kaaya, 2010	n = 220 HIV+ persons living in Tanzania, 74% female, mean age = 41	None	Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R3)	12.7% of participants met criteria for mixed anxiety and depression, 3.2% for a specific phobia, 1.8% for panic disorder, and 0.9% for OCD
Campos, Guimaraes, & Remien, 2010	n = 293 HIV+ individuals living in Brazil; 65.9% male, 52.9% under age 35	None	HADS4	35.8% of participants met criteria for moderate and severe anxiety, indicating an anxiety disorder
Sivasubramanian et al., 2011	n = 150 HIV+ men who have sex with men in Mumbai, India	None	MINI1	24% met criteria for any anxiety disorder
Nebhinani, Mattoo, & Wanchu, 2011	n = 100 HIV+ individuals living in India; 59% male, mean age = 33.6	40 patients with rheumatoid arthritis	Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Clinician Version (SCID-CV5)	1% of participants with HIV met criteria for panic disorder; 2.5% of participants with RA met criteria for panic disorder
Hasanah, Zaliha, & Mahiran, 2011	n = 271 PLWHA in Malaysia, 57.6% male, 60.1% between ages 30–39	None	HADS4	29% of the sample met criteria for a “probable anxiety disorder”
Olagunju, Adeyemi, Ogbolu, & Campbell, 2012	n = 300 HIV+ individuals living with HIV in Lagos, Nigeria; 38.7% male, mean age = 36.95	None	Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN6)	21.7% of the sample met criteria for an anxiety disorder, including 4% for social anxiety disorder, 1.7% for panic disorder, and 6.2% for “anxiety disorder unspecified”
Breuer et al., 2014	n = 366 HIV+ individuals living in South Africa; 71% female, mean age = 32.7	None	Substance and Mental Illness Symptom Screener (SAMISS7) and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI1)	3% of the sample met criteria for an anxiety disorder

¹MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI; Sheehan et al., 1998);

²K-10, Kessler et al., 2002;

³Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R; Lewis, Pelosi, Araya, Dunn, 1992);

⁴Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983);

⁵Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Clinician Version (SCID-CV; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1997);

⁶Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN; World Health Organization, 1995);

⁷Substance and Mental Illness Symptom Screener (SAMISS; Pence et al., 2005).