Table 6.

Transdiagnostic factors and anxiety (ordered chronologically by sub-category).

Authors	Study characteristics	Measure of transdiagnostic process	Outcome measured	Design	Main finding
Anxiety sensitivity
Gonalez, Zvolensky, Solomon, & Miller, 2010	n = 51 PLWHA, 74.5% male, mean age = 45.53	Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-31)	Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R2)	Cross-sectional	Global anxiety sensitivity associated with somatization (AR = 0.13), anxiety (AR2 = 0.11), and depression (AR2 = 0.11); anxiety sensitivity physical concerns predicted somatization (p = 0.52), and anxiety sensitivity mental concerns significantly predicted anxiety (p = 0.29)
Gonzalez, Zvolensky, Grover and Parent, 2012a	n = 164 PLWHA, 82.9% male, 40.9% Caucasian	ASI-31	Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ3)	Cross-sectional	Global anxiety sensitivity associated with anxious arousal (p = 0.34), bodily vigilance (p = 0.30), interoceptive fear (p = 0.24), and showed a trend relationship with HIV symptom distress (p = 0.15, p = 0.07)
Gonzalez, Zvolensky, Parent, et al., 2012b	n = 164 PLWHA, 82.9% male, 40.9% Caucasian	ASI-31	Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS4)	Cross-sectional	Global anxiety sensitivity associated with panic (r2 = 0.18), social anxiety (r2 = 0.27), and depression (r2 = 0.23)
Capron, Gonzalez, Parent, Zvolensky, & Schmidt, 2012	n = 164 PLWHA, 82.9% male, 40.9% Caucasian	ASI-31	Suicidality via the IDAS4	Cross-sectional	Global anxiety sensitivity was not associated with suicidality among PLWHA (p = 0.05), but when examining the anxiety sensitivity subscales concurrently, physical and social concerns showed non-significant negative relations (p = −0.25 and p = −0.16 respectively), while cognitive concerns showed significant positive predictive value (p = 46)
Leyro, Vujanovic & Bonn-Miller, 2015	n = 139 PLWHA, 75.5% male, average age = 48.2, 42% African American	ASI-31	Barriers to cART Adherence Questionairre6	Cross-sectional	Global anxiety sensitivity was shown to be significantly related to only HIV symptom severity, (p = 0.35) when examined concurrently with the other variables
Distress tolerance
Brandt, Zvolensky, & Bonn-Miller, 2013	n = 176 PLWHA, 78.4% male, 38.6% African American	Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS7)	IDAS4	Cross-sectional	Distress tolerance was significantly negatively related to panic and social anxiety symptoms (r2 values = 12)
Emotion dysregulation
Brandt, Zvolensky, & Bonn-Miller, 2013	n = 176 PLWHA, 78.4% male, 38.6% African American	Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS9)	IDAS4	Cross-sectional	Emotion Dysregulation was significantly related to panic and social anxiety symptoms (r2 = 0.19, 0.30, respectively). Emotion Dysregulation also mediated the relations between Distress Tolerance and panic and social anxiety symptoms
Avoidant coping
Lutgendorf et al., 1997	n = 39 HIV+ men, mean age = 36.75 years, 62.5% Caucasian	COPE10	POMS11	Prospective	Changes in denial coping during a coping intervention did not predict anxiety symptoms (r2 = 0.03) though increases in active coping were significantly related to decreased anxiety (r2 = 0.10)
Conley, Taylor, Kemeny, Cole, & Visscher, 1999	n = 224 HIV+ men, mean age = 37.4 years, 91% Caucasian	Participants were asked if they had ever received an HIV test, and subsequently returned for the results. Those who were tested but did not receive results were termed avoidant of HIV serostatus	Two questions indexing concerns about developing AIDS; two questions indexing each individual’s perceived changes of getting HIV; POMS11 indexing depression. Anger, and anxiety as “mood disturbance”	Prospective	Those who avoided learning their HIV serostatus reported significantly higher rates of thought intrusions about AIDS, worry that physical symptoms signaled the onset of AIDS, and having a higher risk of developing AIDS (ESU)
Song & Ingram, 2002	n = 116 African American’s living with HIV, 61.2% male, mean age = 37.9	Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE10)	Profile of Mood States (POMS11)	Cross-sectional	Disengagement and Denial coping was significantly positively related to anxiety symptoms (r2 = 0.18)
Chan et al., 2006	n = 118 PLWHA in Hong Kong	Responses to HIV Scale (RHS12)	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS13)	Cross-sectional	Avoidant coping was significantly positively related to anxiety symptoms (r2 = 0.10)
Kraaij et al., 2008	n = 104 HIV+ homosexual and bisexual men, mean age = 50 years, 97% of Dutch nationality	Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ14), COPE10	HADS13	Cross-sectional	Coping strategies related to avoidant coping including other-blame (r2 = 0.19) and substance use (r2 = 0.13) were not significantly related to anxiety symptoms. Active coping was also not related to anxiety symptoms (r2 = −0.04)
Gonzalez, Solomon, Zvolensky, & Miller, 2009	n = 98 PLWHA, 68.4% male, mean age = 44.97, 85.7% Caucasian	The Response to Stress Questionnaire-HIV/AIDS Stigma (REQ15)	Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI16)	Cross-sectional	Disengagement coping was significantly positively related to anxiety symptoms (r2 = 0.37)
Varni, Miller, McCuin, & Solomon, 2012	n = 203 PLWHA, mean age = 43.18	REQ15	SCL-90-R2	Cross-sectional	Enacted stigma, Concerns with public attitudes, Negative self-image, and disclosure concerns all interacted with disengagement (avoidant) coping to predict greater anxiety (r2 values = 0.24, 0.18, 0.17, and 0.29, respectively)
Hansen et al., 2013	n = 307 older (age > 50) PLWHA	Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ17); Coping with Illness Inventory (CWI18) and additional items measuring coping created for this study	BAI16	Cross-sectional	Items from all coping measures used in this study were combined to create an index of avoidant coping. Avoidant coping was significantly related to anxiety symptoms (r2 = 0.14)
Personality
Lockenhoff, Ironson, O’ Cleirigh, and Costa, 2009	n = 112 PLWHA, mean age = 38.1, 67% female, 35% African American	Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R17)	State Anxiety Scale (SCA18)	Cross-sectional	Neuroticism was significantly positively associated with anxiety (r2 = 0.14) whereas openness to experience (r2 = 0.06) and conscientiousness (r2 = 0.08) were significantly negatively associated with anxiety

¹Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3; Taylor et al., 2007);

²Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R; Derogatis, 1992);

³Mood and Anxiety Symptoms Questionnaire (MASQ; Watson et al., 1995);

⁴Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS; Watson et al., 2007);

⁵Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS; Foa, 1995);

⁶Barriers to cART Adherence Questionnaire (Chesney et al., 2000);

⁷Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS; Simons & Gaher, 2005);

⁸Discomfort Intolerance Scale (DIS; Schmidt et al., 2006b);

⁹Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004);

¹⁰Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE; Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989);

¹¹Profile of Mood States (POMS; McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971);

¹²Responses to HIV Scale (RHS; Reed, Kemeny, Taylor, Wang, & Visscher, 1994);

¹³Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983);

¹⁴Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ; Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2002);

¹⁵The Response to Stress Questionnaire-HIV/AIDS Stigma (REQ; Connor-Smith, Compas, Wadsworth, Thomsen, & Saltzman, 2000).

¹⁶Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck & Steer, 1993);

¹⁸State Anxiety Scale (SA; Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970).