Table 1.

Correlations between AD phenotypes and DNA repair function.

AD phenotypes	DNA repair pathway	DNA repair gene	DNA repair function	Relation between DNA repair and AD	Reference
Amyloid β and plaque	BER	Polβ	3xTg-AD/Polβ+/− mice increase intracellular Aβ production, but reduce extracellular Aβ production and plaque burden.	↓DNA repair -↓ ↑Aβ - ↑AD	Sykora et al.,2015
			Mitochondrial DNA damage in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease decreases Aβ plaque formation.	↑DNA damage - ↓Aβ - ↓AD	Pinto et al., 2013
Neuronal loss	BER	Polβ	3xTg-AD/Polβ+/− mice exhibit more extensive neuronal damage and loss in the hippocampus.	↓DNA repair - ↑Neuronal loss -↑AD	Sykora et al., 2015
	BER	APE1	APE1 protects sensory neurons from cisplatin- induced neurotoxicity.	↑DNA repair - ↓Neurotoxicity - ↓AD	Kim et al., 2015
Synaptic dysfunction	BER	PARP1, APE1	BER functions downstream of DNA oxidation to regulate synaptic transmission.	↑DNA repair - ↑Synaptic function - ↓AD	Yu et al., 2015
	HR	BRCA1	Knocking down neuronal BRCA1 in the dentate gyrus causes increased DNA double-strand breaks, neuronal shrinkage, synaptic plasticity impairments, and learning and memory deficits.	↓DNA repair - ↓Synaptic function - ↑AD	Suberbielle et al., 2015
Abnormal neuroinflammation	BER	PARP1	Activation of PARP1 regulates production of inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, iNOS and COX-2.	↓DNA repair - ↑Inflammation -↑AD	El-Hamoly et al., 2014
Vascular factors	DSBR	HDM2	Statin, which was used in atherosclerosis to reduce serum cholesterol, promotes DNA repair.	↑DNA repair - ↓Vascular factors -↓AD	Mahmoudi et al., 2008
Glutamate signaling	BER	APE1	Physiological levels of glutamate induced reversible nuclear oxidative DNA damage in cerebral cortical neurons.	↑DNA repair - ↓Glutamate -↓AD	Yang et al., 2011
Mitochondrial dysfunction	BER	PARP1	DNA repair is important for mitochondrial health as is also many other mitochondrial functions like mitophagy.	↑DNA repair - ↑Mitochondrial function -↓AD	Scheibye-Knudsen et al., 2014