Table 1.

Selected TRP channel modulators with schistosome (or other platyhelminth)-related effects.

Compound	Vertebrate TRP channel activity	Schistosome-related effects	References
Capsaicin	↑ TRPV1	S. mansoni: Adults and schistosomula: increased locomotor activity in vitro Cercariae: inhibition of swimming	Bais et al. (2015)
Resiniferatoxin (RTX)	↑ TRPV1	Increased locomotor activity in S. mansoni adults	Bais et al. (2015)
SB 366791	↓ TRPV1	Blocks capsaicin effects on locomotor activity in S. mansoni adults	Bais et al. (2015)
Anandamide	↑ TRPV1	Increased host expression in S. japonicum-infected mice	Liu et al. (2009)
Linalool	↑ TRPV3	Cercaricidal (S. japonicum)	Yang et al. (2014)
Arachidonic acid (indirect, via metabolites)	↑ TRPV4	Lethal to all intramammalian S. mansoni, worm stages, S. haematobium adults	El Ridi et al. (2010)
Camphor	↑ TRPV1 ↑ TRPV3	Possibly cercaricidal (S. mansoni)	Nevine et al. (2016)
Ruthenium red	↓ TRPVs	Inhibits S. mansoni egg hatching	Katsumata et al. (1988)
Allicin	↑ TRPV1 ↑ TRPA1	Motility changes, tegumental damage in S. mansoni adults	Lima et al. (2011)
Bradykinin	↑ TRPV1 ↑ TRPA1 (indirect, via GPCR)	Potent attractant for S. mansoni skin-stage schistosomula; substrate for degradation by S. mansoni tegumental peptidase	Grabe and Haas (2004) Fajtova et al. (2015)
Clotrimazole	↑ TRPV1 ↑ TRPA1 ↓ TRPM2 ↓ TRPM8	Killing of S. mansoni schistosomula and adults in vitro	Ziniel et al. (2015)
AITC	↑ TRPA1	Increased locomotor activity in S. mansoni adults	Bais et al. (2015)
Auronofin	↑ TRPA1	Lethal to schistosomes in vitro, reduces worm, egg burden in vivo; lethal to cestodes in vitro	Kuntz et al. (2007) Song et al. (2012) Bonilla et al. (2008) Martinez-Gonzalez et al. (2010)
Apomorphine	↑ or ↓ TRPA1 (concentration-dependent)	Lengthening of S. mansoni adults and impaired contractility in schistosomula Disrupted regenerative polarity in free-living D. japonica	Mellin et al. (1983) Chan et al. (2014)
Chlorpromazine	↑ or ↓ TRPA1 (V-dependent) ↓ TRPC5	S. mansoni: Sporocysts: increased motility Schistosomula: overactive Adults: transiently overactive; altered carbohydrate metabolism	Boyle et al. (2000) Harder et al. (1987) Abdulla et al. (2009)
Nifedipine	↑ TRPM3	S. mansoni: Schistosomula: reduced viability Adults: impaired motility, tegumental lesions, intense contractility	Silva-Moraes et al. (2013)
Genistein	↑ TRPC5	Impairment of miracidia-to-sporocyst transition, S. mansoni	Walker and Rollinson (2008)

Note that most of these compounds act on non TRP channel targets as well. ↑, activation or sensitization; ↓, inhibition. List of selected TRP channel modulators and targets adapted from Fernandez-Carvajal et al., 2015, Schaefer, 2014, Alexander et al., 2015.