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. 2017 Jan 1;7(1):81–96. doi: 10.7150/thno.16803

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(A) IHC staining of CD31 (left) and IF staining of CD31 and a-SMA (right). Newly-formed blood vessels were identified by positive CD31 staining and their typical round or oval structure. ECs (CD31), smooth muscle cells (α-SMA) and cell nuclei are stained green, red and blue, respectively. Red and green co-staining indicates mature blood vessels. (B) Number of newly-formed blood vessels and mature blood vessels in the untreated defects (control) and the defects treated with SAH, PRP or PRP-Exos at 7 and 14 days after operation. Scale bar: 50 μm. *P < 0.05 compared with control.