Table 2.
Characteristics of male National Diet and Nutrition Survey respondents according to plain water intake (n 456) (Mean values and standard deviations/interquartile ranges (IQR))
| Plain water intake | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total | SD/IQR | ≤0·21 cups/d | SD/IQR | 0·22–1·59 cups/d | SD/IQR | >1·59 cups/d | SD/IQR | P for difference |
| Participants (n) | 456 | – | 148 | – | 155 | – | 153 | – | – |
| Ethnicity (% white) | 93 | – | 98 | – | 94 | – | 88 | – | 0·003 |
| Age (years) (mean) | 44 | 19 | 46 | 19 | 47 | 19 | 39 | 17 | <0·001*† |
| HbA1c (% mean) | 5·5 | 0·5 | 5·6 | 0·6 | 5·5 | 0·4 | 5·3 | 0·4 | <0·001*† |
| Current smoker (%) | 22 | – | 25 | – | 21 | – | 20 | – | 0·545 |
| BMI (kg/m2 mean) | 26·7 | 4·6 | 26·4 | 4·7 | 27·0 | 4·2 | 26·6 | 4·8 | 0·463 |
| Education (% degree or more) | 23 | – | 18 | – | 21 | – | 29 | – | 0·043 |
| EI (kJ/d mean) | 8987 | 2481 | 8606 | 2460 | 9017 | 2259 | 9322 | 2674 | |
| EI (kcal/d mean) | 2148 | 593 | 2057 | 588 | 2155 | 540 | 2228 | 639 | 0·043* |
| EI:EER (mean) | 0·73 | 0·23 | 0·71 | 0·23 | 0·75 | 0·23 | 0·74 | 0·23 | 0·425 |
| Fibre (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal) mean) | 7 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 0·019* |
| Participants (n) | 258 | – | 92 | – | 88 | – | 78 | – | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg mean) | 130 | 14 | 128 | 14 | 132 | 14 | 130 | 14 | 0·257 |
| MVPA (h/d median)‡ | 1·2 | 0·5, 3·1 | 0·9 | 0·3, 3·0 | 1·1 | 0·5, 3·4 | 1·5 | 0·8, 3·2 | 0·073 |
HbA1c, glycated Hb; EI, energy intake; EER, estimated energy requirement; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
1 cup=240 ml.
* Significantly different between ≤0·21 and >1·59 cups/d (P≤0·037).
† Significantly different between 0·22–1·59 and >1·59 cups/d (P≤0·001).
‡
Differences calculated using Kruskal–Wallis with post hoc Dunn–Bonferroni correction; all other differences calculated using ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction.