Table 3.
Characteristics of female National Diet and Nutrition Survey respondents according to plain water intake (n 579) (Mean values and standard deviations/interquartile ranges (IQR))
| Plain water intake | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Total | SD/IQR | ≤0·66 cups/d | SD/IQR | 0·67–2·05 cups/d | SD/IQR | >2·05 cups/d | SD/IQR | P for difference |
| Participants (n) | 579 | – | 194 | – | 192 | – | 193 | – | – |
| Ethnicity (% white) | 93 | – | 95 | – | 89 | – | 94 | – | 0·044 |
| Age (years) (mean) | 46 | 18 | 46 | 17 | 48 | 19 | 45 | 18 | 0·200 |
| HbA1c (% mean) | 5·5 | 0·4 | 5·5 | 0·4 | 5·5 | 0·4 | 5·4 | 0·4 | 0·050* |
| Current smoker (%) | 18 | – | 22 | – | 17 | – | 14 | – | 0·079 |
| BMI (kg/m2 mean) | 27·0 | 5·9 | 26·7 | 5·8 | 26·7 | 5·8 | 27·6 | 6·1 | 0·233 |
| Education (% degree or more) | 23 | – | 14 | – | 24 | – | 30 | – | 0·001 |
| EI (kJ/d mean) | 6745 | 1774 | 6540 | 1753 | 6837 | 1787 | 6862 | 1770 | |
| EI (kcal/d mean) | 1612 | 424 | 1563 | 419 | 1634 | 427 | 1640 | 423 | 0·135 |
| EI:EER (mean) | 0·75 | 0·23 | 0·74 | 0·23 | 0·77 | 0·24 | 0·75 | 0·22 | 0·214 |
| Fibre (g/4184 kJ (g/1000 kcal) mean ) | 8 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 0·050** |
| Participants (n) | 336 | – | 113 | – | 109 | – | 114 | – | – |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg mean) | 122 | 17 | 122 | 16 | 122 | 18 | 122 | 16 | 0·999 |
| MVPA (h/d median)† | 0·6 | 0·3, 1·3 | 0·4 | 0·1, 1·0 | 0·7 | 0·3, 1·5 | 0·8 | 0·3, 1·5 | 0·002*** |
HbA1c, glycated Hb; EI, energy intake; EER, estimated energy requirement; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.
1 cup=240 ml.
* Significantly different between 0·67–2·05 and >2·05 cups/d (P≤0·048).
** No significant difference between any group after correction.
*** Significantly different between ≤0·66 and 0·67–2·05 cups/d (P=0·019) and significantly different between ≤0·66 and ≥2·05 cups/d (P=0·003).
Differences calculated using Kruskal–Wallis with post hoc Dunn-Bonferroni correction; all other differences calculated using ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni correction.