Table 2.
Pre- and post-intervention cardiovascular risk factors impacted by dietary intervention. Data reported as mean ± standard deviation, with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for change as given by the coefficient of the regression.
| Risk Factors | (Reference Range 1) | Baseline (n = 39) | Follow up (n = 38) | Change | 95% CI | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometry | |||||||
| BMI | (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 5.7 | 27.6 ± 5.7 | −0.4 | −0.7, −0.2 | <0.01 | |
| Weight | (kg) | 77.8 ± 17.6 | 76.3 ± 17.5 | −1.3 | −1.9, −0.7 | <0.01 | |
| Waist circumference | (cm) | 92.3 ± 15.9 | 90.2 ± 14.5 | −1.5 | −2.3, −0.7 | <0.01 | |
| Blood pressure 2 | (mmHg) | ||||||
| Brachial | |||||||
| Systolic | 125.9 ± 17.2 | 121.1 ± 16.0 | −4.8 | −8.3, −1.2 | <0.01 | ||
| Diastolic | 75.9 ± 7.3 | 73.2 ± 8.6 | −2.4 | −4.1, −0.7 | < 0.01 | ||
| Central | |||||||
| Systolic | 120.2 ± 17.0 | 116.6 ± 14.7 | −3.6 | −7.5, 0.2 | 0.07 | ||
| Diastolic | 77.2 ± 7.3 | 75.0 ± 8.7 | −2.0 | −4.0, 0.4 | 0.06 | ||
| Augmentation index | 108.4 ± 56.8 | 99.8 ± 34.8 | −9.6 | −23.1, 3.9 | 0.16 | ||
| Fasting Serum CVD risk markers 3 | |||||||
| Lipids | |||||||
| Triglycerides | < 1.5 | (mmol/L) | 1.60 ± 1.27 | 1.19 ± 0.51 | −0.38 | −0.73, −0.03 | 0.03 |
| Total cholesterol | < 4.00 | (mmol/L) | 6.79 ± 1.10 | 6.27 ± 1.00 | −0.51 | −0.77, −0.24 | <0.01 |
| LDL cholesterol | < 2.5 | (mmol/L) | 4.60 ± 1.04 | 4.30 ± 0.97 | −0.29 | −0.52, −0.05 | 0.02 |
| HDL cholesterol | > 1.0 | (mmol/L) | 1.46 ± 0.34 | 1.43 ± 0.35 | −0.05 | −0.10, −0.00 | 0.05 |
| Total:HDL ratio | 5.02 ± 1.96 | 4.63 ± 1.44 | −0.27 | −0.51, −0.04 | 0.02 | ||
| Inflammation markers | |||||||
| hsCRP | < 5.0 | (mg/L) | 2.25 ± 2.26 | 2.22 ± 2.23 | 0.1 | −0.40, 0.60 | 0.70 |
| ALT | 0–45 | (U/L) | 25.9 ± 15.1 | 27.8 ± 14.7 | 2.0 | −0.1, 4.1 | 0.07 |
| AST | 0–41 | (U/L) | 25.9 ± 5.9 | 27.6 ± 7.1 | 1.9 | −0.5, 4.2 | 0.12 |
| GGT | 0–45 (F) 0–70 (M) | (U/L) | 32.5 ± 37.0 | 30.1 ± 29.5 | −1.1 | −5.2, 3.1 | 0.62 |
| BGL | 3.0–6.0 | (mmol/L) | 5.16 ± 0.57 | 4.94 ±0.59 | −0.20 | −0.32, −0.08 | <0.01 |
| HOMA IR score 4 | (mmol/L) | 1.04 ± 0.74 | |||||
1 Reference range (Australian) [34,35]; 2 Model includes sex and BMI; 3 n = 37 at follow up (n = 1 resumed lipid medication). Models include sex and BMI. PA included in HDL models; 4 n = 36 (based on HOMA2 calculations; n = 2 insulin values too low for calculation validity [36]). Abbreviations: BGL, blood glucose level; BMI, body mass index; Coef., Coefficient; F, females; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; M, males; Reference, reference range.