Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of cohort participants by intake of red meat (energy-adjusted) (n=60,198)
| Characteristics | Quartiles of Red Meat Intake | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |
| Red meat intake (g/d), median (interquartile range) | 12.5 (6.5–16.3) | 24.2 (21.8–26.5) | 33.4 (30.9–36.1) | 48.8 (43.3–58.3) |
| Number of participants | 15,143 | 15,199 | 14,909 | 14,947 |
| Number of ESRD cases, n (%) | 185 (1) | 255 (2) | 252 (2) | 259 (2) |
| Age at recruitment (y), mean (SD) | 56.5 (7.8) | 56.9 (8.1) | 56.5 (8.1) | 55.7 (7.9) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 23.0 (3.3) | 23.1 (3.2) | 23.2 (3.2) | 23.2 (3.3) |
| Male, n (%) | 7534 (50) | 5968 (39) | 5895 (40) | 7384 (50) |
| Dialect, n (%) | ||||
| Cantonese | 7682 (51) | 7032 (46) | 6504 (44) | 6658 (45) |
| Hokkien | 7461 (50) | 8167 (54) | 8405 (56) | 8289 (56) |
| Secondary school or higher, n (%) | 4648 (31) | 4129 (27) | 3940 (26) | 4441 (30) |
| Ever smoker, n (%) | 4705 (31) | 4143 (27) | 4296 (29) | 5221 (35) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 3620 (24) | 3815 (25) | 3469 (23) | 3311 (22) |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1118 (7) | 1388 (9) | 1420 (10) | 1405 (9) |
| Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 649 (4) | 668 (4) | 607 (4) | 534 (4) |
| Stroke, n (%) | 259 (2) | 228 (2) | 216 (1) | 184 (1) |
| Physical activitya, n (%) | 5866 (39) | 4975 (33) | 4437 (30) | 4631 (31) |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | ||||
| Nondrinkers | 13,165 (87) | 13,636 (90) | 13,413 (90) | 12,976 (87) |
| Weekly drinkers | 1299 (9) | 1094 (7) | 1110 (7) | 1423 (10) |
| Daily drinkers | 679 (5) | 469 (3) | 386 (3) | 548 (4) |
| Total protein intakeb (g/d), mean (SD) | 53.1 (10.3) | 57.6 (7.9) | 60.5 (7.6) | 65.3 (9.0) |
| Vegetables (g/d), mean (SD) | 113.8 (69.7) | 110.6 (48.6) | 109.5 (44.6) | 107.9 (48.1) |
| Fruits (g/day), mean (SD) | 232.8 (195.2) | 210.7 (138.0) | 194.8 (126.0) | 169.5 (129.50) |
P values based on the chi-squared test for categorical variables and one-way ANOVA for continuous variables, all P values <0.01.
a
Physical activity defined as any weekly moderate activity, vigorous activity or strenuous sports lasting at least 30 minutes (yes or no).
b
Total protein intake from both plant and animal sources.