Table 4.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for risk of ESRD and CKD deaths according to food sources of protein (n=60,198)
| Food Sources of Protein (g/d) | Quartiles of Energy-Adjusted Food Intake | P for Trenda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
| Total protein | |||||
| Cases | 214 | 277 | 270 | 297 | |
| Person-years | 233,198 | 231,836 | 233,469 | 234,143 | |
| Multivariate model 1 | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 1.16 (0.97–1.40) | 1.20 (1.00–1.43) | 0.09 |
| Red meat | |||||
| Cases | 218 | 243 | 296 | 301 | |
| Person-years | 236,141 | 236,256 | 230,243 | 230,006 | |
| Multivariate model 2 | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 1.31 (1.08–1.59) | 1.41 (1.17–1.71) | <0.001 |
| Poultry | |||||
| Cases | 259 | 277 | 274 | 248 | |
| Person-years | 230,852 | 232,599 | 232,016 | 237,180 | |
| Multivariate model 2 | 1.00 | 0.90 (0.75–1.07) | 0.93 (0.77–1.12) | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 0.47 |
| Fish and shellfish | |||||
| Cases | 227 | 282 | 258 | 291 | |
| Person-years | 229,112 | 231,006 | 235,816 | 236,713 | |
| Multivariate model 2 | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 1.10 (0.92–1.32) | 0.56 |
| Eggs | |||||
| Cases | 257 | 291 | 263 | 247 | |
| Person-years | 235,386 | 235,980 | 232,203 | 229,078 | |
| Multivariate model 2 | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 0.99 (0.82–1.19) | 1.01 (0.84–1.21) | 0.99 |
| Dairy products | |||||
| Cases | 242 | 274 | 271 | 271 | |
| Person-years | 237,538 | 238,186 | 226,046 | 230,876 | |
| Multivariate model 2 | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.80–1.18) | 1.07 (0.88–1.31) | 1.06 (0.88–1.28) | 0.47 |
| Soy and legumes | |||||
| Cases | 268 | 276 | 272 | 242 | |
| Person-years | 229,680 | 232,728 | 232,980 | 237,259 | |
| Multivariate model 2 | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | 0.18 |
Hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) presented for each quartile of food intake (energy-adjusted) for all multivariate models. Multivariate model 1: adjusted for age, gender, dialect, educational level, and year of interview plus body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, baseline history of diabetes, baseline history of hypertension, baseline history of stroke, baseline history of heart attack, and total energy intake.
Multivariate model 2: model 1 plus energy adjusted intake of vegetable, fruits, red meat, poultry, fish and shellfish, eggs, dairy products, soy foods, and nonsoy legumes.
Linear trend was tested by assigning to participants the median value of the quartile and assessing this as a continuous variable.