RpoS mediates SDS resistance in carbon-limited cells. Actively growing (A), carbon-limited (B), or nitrogen-limited (C) rpoS deletion cells were treated with 2% SDS, and viability was assayed at the indicated time points. Filled data points indicate untreated samples, while open data points indicate SDS-treated samples. *, P < 0.05, for comparisons of results for treated and untreated samples.