Table 2.
Summary of global survey data for regulated toxins and mycotoxins with guidance levels, masked and emerging toxins. Abbreviations: SBM—soybean meal, DDGS—dried distillers grain with solubles, REG—Toxins and secondary metabolites (regulated or with guidance levels), AFB1—aflatoxin B1, FUS—toxins produced by Fusarium spp., NIV—nivalenol, 3-Ac-DON—3-acetyl-DON, DAS—diacetoxyscirpenol, A & B—type A & B trichothecenes, HPLC—high performance liquid chromatography, FLD—fluorescence detector, MS—mass spectrometry, Elisa—enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, TLC—thin layer chromatography, NA—Not available.
| Region, Country | Matrix | Year(s) | Toxin | Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global | Feed and ingredients | 2004–2013 | REG | HPLC, Elisa | [56] |
| Europe, Asia | Feed and ingredients | 2004–2011 | REG | HPLC, Elisa | [57] |
| Global | Feed and ingredients | 2004–2012 | REG | HPLC, Elisa | [62] |
| Americas, Europe, | Corn, wheat, | 2009–2011 | REG | HPLC, Elisa | [58] |
| Asia | SBM, DDGS | ||||
| Middle East, Africa | Feed and ingredients | 2009 | REG, A&B | HPLC–FLD, LC–MS | [64] |
| Finland, Sweden, | Cereal grains | 1989–2009 | REG, NIV, | NA | [63] |
| Norway, The Netherlands | 3-Ac-DON | ||||
| Belgium | Oats, pig/poultry feed | 2012 | FUS | LC–MS/MS | [65] |
| China | Dairy cow feed | 2010 | AFLA | HPLC–FLD | [66] |
| The Netherlands | Maize | 2010 | REG, FUS | LC–MS/MS | [67] |
| Pakistan | Poultry feed | 2009–2010 | AFB1 | TLC | [68] |
| USA | DDGS | 2009–2011 | REG | HPLC–FLD, TLC | [69] |
| Portugal | Pig and poultry feed | 2009–2010 | OTA | HPLC–FLD | [70] |
| Argentina | Poultry feed | 2008–2009 | REG, DAS | LC–MS/MS | [71] |
| South Africa | Compound feeds | 2010 | REG | LC–MS/MS | [72] |
| Romania | Cereals | 2008–2010 | REG | Elisa | [73] |
| Serbia | Wheat | 2007 | FUS | LC–MS/MS | [74] |
| China | Feed and ingredients | 2008–2009 | REG | LC–MS | [75] |