Table 1.
Concentrations of plasma oxidized lipids and lipoproteins in control and CKD patients.
| Normal | CKD | Clearance | HD Behavior | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oxysterols (Total) | Liver metabolism | Generated during HD session | [113,114] | ||
| 7-ketocholesterol, nM | 32.3 ± 16.7 | 42.2 ± 30.1 δ | |||
| 7β-OH-cholesterol, nM | 14.4 ± 7.7 | 42.6 ± 24.1 δ | |||
| Oxidized Phospholipids | Enzymatic detoxification | Reduced after HD session | [56,103,115] | ||
| OxPL/ApoB ratio, AU | 0.068 ± 0.07 | 0.138 * ± 0.170 * | |||
| PUFAs Aldehydes | [7,9,23,116,117,118] [9,116,119,120,121] |
||||
| Malondialdehyde (MDA), μg/L | 257.7 ± 81.7 | 388.8 ± 21.6 δ | Enzymatic detoxification Renal excretion | Controversial (decrease, no change and increase) | |
| 4-hydroxy-decenal, μg/L | 10.3 ± 7.1 | 36.6 ± 22.3 δ | Enzymatic detoxification, rennal excretion | 4-HNE: Reduced after HD session | |
| 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (4-HHE), μg/L | 25.1 ± 9.9 | 63.8 ± 25.3 δ | |||
| 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), μg/L | 16.4 ± 9.0 | 117.3 ± 47.7 δ | |||
| 4-hydroxy-octenal, μg/L | 10.7 ± 3.6 | 27.8 ± 13.8 δ | |||
| Arachidonic Acid By-Products of Lipid Peroxidation | Renal excretion, Enzymatic detoxification | No change | [119,122,123,124,125,126,127,128] | ||
| Total F2-isoprostanes, pg/mL * | 162 ± 73 | 270 ± 10 δ | |||
| Unesterified F2-isoprostanes, pg/mL | 37.6 ± 17.2 | 96.2 ± 48.8 δ | |||
| Esterified F2-isoprostanes, pg/mL | 146.8 ± 58.4 | 220.4 ± 154.8 δ | |||
| Lipoprotein Products | |||||
| ApoB48 level, mg/L | 3.7 ± 2.3 | 19.3 ± 13.9 δ | [33] | ||
| Oxidized LDL, mg/L | 0.22 ± 0.05 | 1.92 ± 0.29 δ | Accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions | Increased after HD session | [53,54,55,56] |
| 3-chlorotyrosine, μmol/mol of tyrosine | <0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.5 δ | - | - | [64] |
| Lp(a) level, mg/dL | 18.4 ± 22.8 | 23.4 ± 34.6 δ | Renal and hepatic clearance | No changes or increased after HD session | [56,109,110,111] |
Data are expressed as means ± SD. * computed from the data available in the original article, δ p < 0.05 vs. control; Lp(a): lipoprotein A, PUFAs: polyunsaturated fatty acids.