. 2016 Nov 22;67(654):e10–e19. doi: 10.3399/bjgp16X688345

Table 1.

Descriptive statistics of dependent and independent variables used in analyses^a

Variable	Data source	Practices with data, n	Mean	SD	Median	IQR
Dependent
Adjusted total payments per patient (all contracts) (datasheet included practices with payments for both years)	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	7693			£102.64 £105.79	£92.27–118.05 £96.35–121.38

Global sum plus MPIG payments per patient (GMS contracts)	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	4451 4451			£67.53 £74.67	£63.77–72.02 £70.48–79.48

Adjusted total payments per patient (GMS contracts only)	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	4451 4451			£98.14 £102.61	£89.25–113.59 £93.69–116.01

Population
IMD 2010 score (used for 2013–2014)^b IMD 2015 score (used for 2014–2015)^b	Public Health England.²¹ Individual practices’ scores were calculated by the Office for National Statistics, using patients’ postcodes	7575 7584			21.64 21.74	13.60–31.83 13.88–31.51

Percentage of practice register aged ≥75 years	Public Health England²¹	7585 7584	7.61 7.66	3.12 3.17

Percentage African Caribbean	General Practice Patient Survey reports (weighted) for both years²²	7513 7430			0.86 0.84	0.00–3.85 0.00–3.99

Percentage South Asian	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7485 7513			2.20 1.39	0.00–7.80 0.00–5.58

Percentage of smokers	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7678 7668	17.79 17.01	6.84 6.87

Percentage with self-reported long-term condition	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7689 7684	53.96 54.01	7.77 8.00

Percentage self-reported confident about managing own health	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7689 7684			92.91 93.02	89.85–95.21 89.81–95.39

Percentage self-reported unemployed	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7675 7667			4.9 4.3	2.28–8.95 1.86–8.01

Percentage self-reported on long-term sick or disability register	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7639 7628			4.02 3.88	2.22–6.47 2.12–6.37

Percentage on practice diabetes register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573 7586	6.47 6.65	1.85 1.91

Percentage on practice CHD register^c	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573 7585	3.32 3.27	1.14 1.13

Percentage on practice CVA register^c	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573 7585	1.69 1.70	0.64 0.65

Percentage on practice heart failure register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573 7581			0.68 0.69	0.49–0.89 0.50–0.90

Percentage on practice asthma register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573 7587	5.89 5.95	1.29 1.32

Percentage on practice COPD register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573 7581			1.72 1.75	1.20–2.33 1.23–2.39

Practice
Number of registered patients	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	7693 7693			6342 6441	3819–9687 3891–9776

WTE GPs per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated by dividing WTE number in practices by number of registered patients, then multiplying by 10 000)	NHS workforce statistics²⁵	7649			5.99	4.73–7.43

WTE nurses per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated as above)	NHS workforce statistics²⁵	7125			2.42	1.78–3.17

WTE staff per 10 000 patients — 2014 only (calculated as above)	NHS workforce statistics²⁵	7125			15.24	12.80–18.15

Contract type – GMS^d	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	4405
Contract type – PMS^d	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	3085
Contract type – APMS^d	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	203

Geographical subregion – north^d,e	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	2310
Geographical subregion – Midlands^d,e	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	2254
Geographical subregion – south^d,e	HSCIC¹⁹^,²⁰	3129

Performance
Total QOF points achieved^f	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573			866.67	828.28–887.15
900 points maximum in 2013–2014		7586			542.83	523.41–553.44
559 points maximum in 2014–2015

Percentage on practice hypertension register	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7573 7587	13.96 14.02	3.58 3.59

Percentage of hypertension register with last blood pressure reading ≤150/90 mmHg	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7676 7587			80.50 81.06	75.68–84.28 77.35–84.37

Percentage of diabetes register with last HbA1c ≤7.5% (59 mmol/mol)	HSCIC–QOF annual reports²³^,²⁴	7676 7586			61.84 70.41	56.72–66.45 63.64–76.41

Percentage unable to obtain appointment	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7683 7672			9.53 9.53	5.71–4.11 5.66–14.70

Percentage able to see a GP or nurse within 48 hours	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7583 7584	51.01 48.68	14.95 14.93

Percentage having a preferred GP	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7688 7683	53.32 50.47	12.89 13.16

Percentage reporting good appointment ‘experience’	General Practice Patient Survey²²	7583 7584	76.33 75.01	12.83 13.47

In each cell, values in the first line are for 2013–2014 and in the second line for 2014–2015. For the continuous variables, if the distribution was skewed (not normal) on visual inspection of the histogram, then the median and interquartile range are presented rather than the mean and standard deviation.

Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) is the official measure of relative deprivation for small areas. IMD ranks each small area (called Lower-layer Super Output Areas [LSOA] of which there are 32 844 with an average of 1500 residents each) in England. IMD combines information from seven domains: income deprivation; employment deprivation; education, skills, and training deprivation; health deprivation and disability; crime; barriers to housing and services; and living environment deprivation.

Dropped from the final model.

As these variables are nominal, only numbers of practices are provided.

There are 13 geographical subregions in England, which were collapsed into three larger regional identities: north, Midlands, and south. North included four subregions: Cheshire and Merseyside, Cumbria and north east, Lancashire and Greater Manchester, and Yorkshire and Humber. Midlands included four subregions: central Midlands, east Midlands, west Midlands, and north Midlands. South included five subregions: London, Wessex, south central, south east, and south west.

As part of the 2014–2015 GMS contract changes, a total of 40 QOF indicators were retired, ‘releasing’ 341 points. The resource from these points was transferred to the global sum and to ES, including a new ES aimed at avoiding unplanned admissions and delivering proactive case management for vulnerable people. APMS = Alternative Provider Medical Services. CHD = coronary heart disease. COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CVA = cerebrovascular accident. ES = Enhanced Services. GMS = General Medical Services. HSCIC = Health and Social Care Information Centre. IQR = interquartile range. MPIG = minimum practice income guarantee. PMS = Personal Medical Services. QOF = Quality and Outcomes Framework. SD = standard deviation. WTE = whole-time equivalent.