Table 2.
Comparison of the tests executive functions of yoga and wait-list control group.
| Yoga (n = 40) |
WLC (n = 32) |
Group*time interaction | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre |
Post |
Pre |
Post |
||||||
| Mean ± SD | 95% C.I. (LB to UB) | Mean ± SD | 95% C.I. (LB to UB) | Mean ± SD | 95% C.I. (LB to UB) | Mean ± SD | 95% C.I. (LB to UB) | ||
| STROOP_W | 62.18 ± 22.36 | 54.95 to 69.40 | 73.18 ± 21.67*** | 65.84 to 80.51 | 69.44 ± 23.59 | 61.36 to 77.52 | 72.06 ± 25.13 | 63.86 to 80.27 | .001 |
| STROOP_C | 48.65 ± 10.57 | 45.20 to 52.10 | 54.95 ± 11.86*** | 51.13 to 58.77 | 53.47 ± 11.38 | 49.61 to 57.33 | 56.22 ± 12.44* | 51.95 to 60.49 | .017 |
| STROOP_CW | 27.90 ± 7.12 | 25.67 to 30.13 | 33.43 ± 8.71*** | 30.75 to 36.10 | 32.78 ± 6.99 | 30.29 to 35.27 | 34.50 ± 8.20** | 31.51 to 37.49 | .034 |
| DSST_T | 33.95 ± 8.40 | 31.31 to 36.59 | 39.05 ± 8.42*** | 36.20 to 41.90 | 33.22 ± 8.37 | 30.26 to 36.18 | 35.94 ± 9.77 | 32.75 to 39.13 | .201 |
| DSST_W | 2.13 ± 2.03 | 1.53 to 2.72 | 1.85 ± 2.62 | 1.17 to 2.53 | 1.72 ± 1.69 | 1.05 to 2.38 | 1.31 ± 1.42 | 0.55 to 2.08 | .843 |
| DSST_N | 31.83 ± 8.52 | 29.16 to 34.49 | 37.20 ± 8.94*** | 34.20 to 40.20 | 31.22 ± 8.38 | 28.24 to 34.20 | 34.63 ± 10.22* | 31.27 to 37.98 | .327 |
| DS_F | 7.03 ± 1.51 | 6.58 to 7.47 | 9.40 ± 2.05*** | 8.82 to 9.98 | 8.19 ± 1.31 | 7.69 to 8.69 | 9.00 ± 1.50* | 8.36 to 9.64 | .002 |
| DS_B | 3.28 ± 1.18 | 2.86 to 3.69 | 4.70 ± 1.57*** | 4.24 to 5.16 | 3.56 ± 1.46 | 3.10 to 4.02 | 4.06 ± 1.32 | 3.55 to 4.58 | .011 |
| DS_T | 10.30 ± 2.20 | 9.60 to 11.00 | 14.20 ± 3.05*** | 13.34 to 15.06 | 11.69 ± 2.28 | 10.90 to 12.48 | 13.03 ± 2.25** | 12.07 to 13.99 | .000 |
| TMT_A | 46.28 ± 15.27 | 41.81 to 50.75 | 37.25 ± 10.40*** | 33.23 to 41.26 | 41.45 ± 12.69 | 36.44 to 46.45 | 43.92 ± 15.18 | 39.43 to 48.42 | .000 |
| TMT_B | 89.98 ± 32.80 | 78.66 to 101.30 | 72.50 ± 21.10*** | 63.99 to 81.00 | 95.99 ± 39.45 | 83.33 to 108.65 | 86.65 ± 32.90 | 77.14 to 96.16 | .242 |
STROOP_W = Stroop Word, STROOP_C = Stroop Color, STROOP_CW = Stroop Color Word, DSST_T = Digit Symbol Substitution Total Score, DSST_W = Digit Symbol Substitution Wrong Score, DSST_N = Digit Symbol Substitution Net Score, DS_F = Digit Span Forward, DS_B = Digit Span Backward, DS_T = Digit Span Total, TMT_A = Trial Making Test A, TMT_B = Trial Making Test B, YG = Yoga Group, WLC = Wait-List Control Group.
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; pre compared with post.