. 2016 Mar 20;7(1):65–78. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.003

Table 3.

Pharmacological studies on Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn.

Pharmacological activity	Model used and study design	Type of extract	Observations	References
Antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and immunomodulatory	CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 enzymes in human liver microsomes	Alcoholic and aqueous extract of T. arjuna at 35 μg/ml dose level	Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of T. arjuna showed significant inhibition activity of CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 enzyme. Enzyme kinetic studies suggested that the extracts of T. arjuna showed rapidly reversible non-competitive inhibition of all three enzymes in human liver microsomes.	Varghese et al^⁶⁶
Antioxidant	Human polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells and hypochlorous acid from human neutrophils	Methanolic extract of T. arjuna	Arjungenin is the most active compound than others and had moderate inhibitory effect on the process of respiratory oxyburst and its IC₅₀ value is shown 60 μg/ml.	Pawar and Bhutani^⁶⁷
Antioxidant	Male Wistar albino rats (110–140 g) – (6–7 weeks old)	T. arjuna was administrated orally to Wistar rat at different doses (0.42 mg/kg to 6.8 mg/kg) for 6 days/week for 4 weeks	Chromic administration of butanolic fraction of alcoholic extract of T. arjuna bark has cardioprotective potential against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity.	Singh et al^⁶⁸
Antioxidant and antimutagenic activity	Wistar rats (200–250 g) and Swiss albino mice (18–22 g)	Aqueous and ethanolic extraction of T. arjuna	The alcoholic extract of T. arjuna (ALTA) has shown potent antioxidant activity with EC₅₀ of 2.491 ± 0.160, 50.110 ± 0.150 and 71.000 ± 0.025 in DPPH assay, superoxide radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation assay, respectively. In micronucleus test, EC₅₀ of 2.410 ± 0.140, 40.500 ± 0.390 and 63.000 ± 0.360 in percentage of micronucleus in ALTA (100 and 200 mg/kg p.o) showed significant reduction in both polychromatic erythrocytes and normochromatic erythrocytes and also shown significant reduction in P/N ratio.	Viswanatha et al^⁶⁹
Anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic potential	In vitro and in vivo method	Aqueous extracts from 75 μg/ml to 200 μg/ml for lymphocyte culture for in vitro experiments Aqueous extracts from 50 mg/kg to 350 mg/kg body weight for in vivo experiments	Used human lymphocyte culture and bone marrow cells of albino mice (8–10 weeks old and weight ranges between 25-35 g) The number of sister chromatid exchanges got reduced from a higher level of 15.0 ± 1.4 per cell to 7.7 ± 0.5 per cell with S₉ mix at 48 h of treatment. The replication index was enhanced from 1.33 to 1.55 in vitro. In the in vivo experiments, effective reduction in clastogeny ranging from 15.22% to 54.82% from the mutagen treated positive control and the total frequencies in aberrant cells got reduced from 429 due to AFB1 to 141 due to 5th concentration of T. arjuna extracts at 32 h of exposure.	Ahmad et al^⁷⁰
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory	Cell cultures of human monocytic (THP-1) and human aortic endothelial cells (HEACs)	T. arjuna alcoholic extract (TAAE) and T. arjuna Aqueous extract (TAWE) from steam bark at a dose of 1–50 μg/ml	TAAE and TAWE inhibited the lipid peroxidation and attenuated H₂O₂ mediated ROS generation in THP-1 cells by promoting catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities and by sustaining cellular reducing power. Marked effects of T. arjuna steam bark on cultured human monocytic and aortic endothelial cells provide the biochemical and molecular basis for therapeutic potential of T. arjuna steam bark against cardiovascular diseases (CVD).	Kokkiripati et al^⁵⁶
Antioxidant	Male albino Wistar rats (120–150 g body weight) were subjected to oxidative stress associated with in vitro ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI)	Two doses (500 and 750 mg/kg in 2% carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC)), 6 days per week for 12 weeks	T. arjuna augments endogenous antioxidant compounds of rat heart and also prevents oxidative stress associated with IRI of the heart.	Gauthaman et al^⁷¹
Antioxidant	Human neutrophils isolated from fresh, heparinized human blood by using Histoprep and suspended in HBSS medium containing gelatin.	Ethanolic extraction of T. arjuna containing arjunic acid, arjungenin, arjunetin and arjunglucoside II	Arjungenin and its glucoside extracted from T. arjuna and are exhibited a significant free radical scavenging activity on the superoxide release from PMN cells. Arjungenin exhibited great inhibitor action on the hypochlorous acid productin from human neutrophils.	Pawar and Bhutani^⁶⁷
Antioxidant	Male Wistar albino rats, weighing between 250 and 300 g; treated with STZ at a dose of 65 mg/kg	Therapeutic treatment through 50% ethanolic extract of T. arjuna at a dose of 500 mg/kg and rosuvastatin (20 mg/kg) for 30 days orally after 8 weeks of STZ treatment	T. arjuna bark extract improved cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in rats having uncontrolled diabetes through maintaining endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and decreasing cytokine levels.	Khaliq et al^⁷²
Antioxidant	Male Swiss albino mice treated with NaF at a dose of 600 mg/L for 1 week.	Ethanolic extract of T. arjuna at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight and with vitamin C at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight for 1 week	Ethanolic extract of T. arjuna protects murine hearts from NaF-induced oxidative stress via its antioxidant properties.	Sinha et al^⁷³
Antioxidant	Wistar rats weight between 200-240 g.	Ethanolic extract of T. arjuna at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 15 days was administrated orally	Prophylactic and therapeutic treatment with T. arjuna improved cardiac functions and baroreflex sensitivity. It is attenuated hypertrophy and fibrosis of the LV. T. arjuna significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine level in CHF rats	Parveen et al^⁷⁴
Antioxidant	Poloxamer (PX)-407 induced hyperlipidemic albino Wistar rats	Three fractions diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and ethanol of T. arjuna exerted hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects at two different doses levels (175 and 350 mg/kg body weight)	Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of T. arjuna fractions were noticed as ethanol > diethyl ether > ethyl acetate. Ethanolic fraction of T. arjuna possesses the potent properties of antioxidant and hypolipidemic than other fractions and has therapeutic potential for the prevention of coronary arterial disease.	Subramaniam et al^⁷⁵
Antioxidant	Male Wistar rats treated with isoprenaline to produce LVH	Aqueous extract of T. arjuna bark was evaluated at 63, 125 and 250 mg/kg given orally for antifibrotic and antioxidant effects in male Wistar rats given selective β-adrenoceptor agonist isoprenaline (5 mg/kg) for 28 days Captopril has given orally 50 mg/kg per day, an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme used as a standard cardioprotective drug	Aqueous extract of T. arjuna significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced increase in oxidative stress and decline in endogenous antioxidant level and also prevented fibrosis.	Kumar et al^⁷⁶
Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity	DPPH methods and Agar well diffusion method	Methanol extracts	Methanolic extracts has great free radical scavenging properties. It contains liberal amount of flavonoid compounds. It is exhibited good antimicrobial activity against two gram negative bacteria (E. coli and K pneumonia).	Mandal et al^⁷⁷
Antimicrobial activity	Five bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus (Gram Positive) Acinetobacter sp., Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram negative) were used	Methanol, ethanol, acetone aqueous extracts from the leaves and bark of T. arjuna	Acetone leaf extract was found to be best against S. aureus.Organic extract showed almost equal inhibition of all tested Gram negative bacteria except P. aeruginosa. Aqueous extract of T. arjuna bark exhibited good activity against S. aureus.	Aneja et al^⁷⁸
Antimicrobial activity	NZW albino rabbits subjected to 15 min coronary artery ligation followed by 60 min of reperfusion injury	Pretreatment of bark powder of 500–750 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks before ischemic-reperfusion injury	Chronic oral administration of the bark of T. arjuna in rabbit causes augmentation of myocardial endogenous antioxidants along with induction of HSP 72. It is offered further protection against oxidative stress associated with myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury.	Gauthaman et al^⁷⁹
Anticarcinogenic potential	Adult ventricular myocytes isolated from hearts of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–300 g)	Ethanolic and aqueous extract of T. arjuna at a dose of 0.05–100 μg/ml	Aqueous extract of T. arjuna induced cardiotonic action via enhancing sarcoplasmic reticular function, an unique action minimizing the occurrence of arrhythmias, makes aqueous extract of T. arjuna a promising and relatively safe cardiotonic beneficial to the health heart and the treatment for chronic heart diseases.	Oberoi et al^⁸⁰
DNA damage protecting and free radical scavenging	DNA stand breakage assay and comet assay analysis by using of pBR 322 plasmid and rat adrenal PC-12 cells	Ethanolic extracts and its fractions	Ethanolic extracts and its fractions of T. arjuna bark protected H₂O₂ induced DNA damage. Maximum inhibition of DPPH, hydroxyl, ABTS, nitric oxide radicals and metal chelation was observed in ethyl acetate fraction. T. arjuna extracts ameliorate various impairments associated with DNA damage and free radical formation.	Phani Kumar et al^¹⁶
Gastro-productive effect	Diclofenac sodium (DIC) induced gastric ulcer in experimental rats (male albino rats of Wistar – (150–200 g weight)	Methanolic extract of T. arjuna	A significant reduction in lesion index was observed in ulcer induced animals treated with T. arjuna (DIC + TA) compared to ulcerated rats (DIC). A significant increase was observed in pH, NP-SH, GSH, enzymatic antioxidants, protein bound carbohydrate complexes, adherent mucus content, nucleic acid with a significant decrease in volume of gastric juice, free and total acidity, pepsin concentration, acid output, LPO levels and MPO activities in DIC + TA rats compared to DIC rats.	Devi et al^⁸¹