. 2016 Mar 20;7(1):65–78. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.02.003

Table 4.

Clinical studies on Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn.

Highlights of the study	Clinical conditions	Drug formulation and dosage	Clinical outcome	References
Idiopathic and ischemic cause	93 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCMP) of idiopathic and ischemic cause	T. arjuna capsules (500 mg at 8 hourly)	Patients with dilated cardiomyopathy with or without heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction due to either idiopathic or ischemic cause receiving combined standard therapy, and herbal medication showed significant improvement in systolic and diastolic functions as well as functional capacity in comparison to those receiving only standard therapy or only herbal medications	Bhawani et al^⁸²
Heart failure	12 patients with refractory chronic congestive heart failure	Aqueous extract from bark of T. arjuna was controlled 8 h at a dose of 500 mg	Adjuvant T. arjuna therapy in selected patients with refractory congestive heart failure, mostly related to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, appeared safe and caused long lasting improvement in symptoms and signs of heart failure along with improvement in left ventricular ejection phase indices with definite improvement in quality of life	Bharani et al^⁸³
Anti-ischemic effects	40 patients with acute myocardial infarction with ischemic mitral regurgitation	Double-blind study with 500 mg thrice daily for 3 months along with conventional therapy	Reduction in mitral regurgitation jet area Improvement in E/A ratio	Dwivedi et al^⁸⁴
Anti-ischemic effects	58 males with chronic stable angina (NYHA class II–III) with evidence of provocable ischemia	T. arjuna (500 mg 8 h), isosorbide mononitrate (40 mg/daily) or a matching placebo for one week each, separated by a wash-out period of three days in a randomized, doubled blind crossover design	Significant decrease in the frequency of angina and need for isosorbide dinitrate Significant improvement in the treadmill exercise. The total duration of exercise increased	Bharani et al^⁸⁵
Hypertension	36 hypertensive patients (stage III) with increased LV mass	Ayurvedic formulation of T. arjuna, known as ‘Arjuna Kwath’ (25 ml twice a day)	A significant decrease in both SBP and DBP (P < 0.001) in both the groups LV mass index was only significantly reduced in the atenolol-plus-‘Arjuna Kwatha’ group as compared to atenolol	Rao et al^⁸⁶
Antioxidant, lowering effects of lipid and lipoprotein	100 patients with stable CAD	In a placebo-controlled double-blind study, 500 mg of T. arjuna along twice a day in addition to receive the conventional treatment	A significant decrease in hyperlipidemia as well as in various inflammatory cytokines such as hsCRP, IL-18 (P,0.001), IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05) was observed at 3 months in patients	Kapoor et al^¹⁹
Antioxidant activity	30 patients with coronary artery disease	500 mg bark powder of T. arjuna combined with conventional drugs	16% reduction in LDL cholesterol 15% decrease in cholesterol 11% decrease in triglycerides Marginal decrease in nitrite levels	Khalil^⁸⁷
Antioxidant activity	105 patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD)	T. arjuna bark powder at a dose of 500 mg once daily for 30 days was compared with a known antioxidant, vitamin E (400 units once daily)	Significant reduction in lipids (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) Lowering of lipid peroxide in T. arjuna group	Gupta et al^⁸⁸
Effect on endothelial dysfunction	Asymptomatic 18 health chronic smokers and 18 non-smokers	Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. 500 mg aqueous extract of T. arjuna bark powder administrated thrice daily	Improvement in brachial artery flow mediated dilation	Bharani et al^⁸⁹