Table 1.
Group description
| Measure | HAS (n = 74) | SCDclinic (n = 33) | aMCI (n = 78) | F and P values | Effect size | Pairwise comparisons |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 69 ± 7.2 | 68 ± 7.3 | 73 ± 7.2 | F (2, 182) = 7.36 | η2 = 0.07 | aMCI > HAS∗∗ |
| [63, 68.5, 73] | [63, 68, 72] | [68, 73, 78] | P < .001 | aMCI > SCDclinic∗∗ | ||
| Female: n | 40 (54%) | 14 (42%) | 38 (49%) | Fisher's exact test | ||
| P = .53 | ||||||
| Education (y) | 12 ± 3.9 | 13 ± 3.5 | 11 ± 3.6 | F (2, 179) = 5.65 | η2 = 0.06 | HAS > aMCI∗ |
| [9, 12, 15] | [10, 14, 15] | [7, 10, 14] | P = .004 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗ | ||
| MMSE (/30)† | 29 ± 1.2 | 29 ± 1.1 | 27 ± 1.7 | F (2, 180) = 42.85 | η2 = 0.32 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| [28, 29, 30] | [28, 29, 30] | [26, 27, 28] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | ||
| FCSRT (/48)† | 30 ± 5.2 | 31 ± 5.9 | 17 ± 6.4 | F (2, 176) = 117.08 | η2 = 0.57 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| Sum of 3 free recalls | [26, 30, 33] | [27, 29, 36] | [11, 17, 21] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | |
| FCSRT (/48)† | 46 ± 2.1 | 47 ± 1.8 | 36 ± 7.8 | F (2, 176) = 81.70 | η2 = 0.48 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| Sum of 3 total recalls | [45, 47, 48] | [45, 47, 48] | [30, 37, 43] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | |
| FCSRT (/16)† | 12 ± 2.3 | 12 ± 2.2 | 5 ± 3.6 | F (2, 179) = 120.89 | η2 = 0.57 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| Delayed free recall | [10, 12, 14] | [10, 12, 13] | [2, 6, 8] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | |
| FCSRT (/16)† | 15.7 ± 0.6 | 15.7 ± 0.5 | 12 ± 3.6 | F (2, 176) = 61.01 | η2 = 0.41 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| Delayed total recall | [16, 16, 16] | [15, 16, 16] | [10, 12.5, 15] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | |
| FCSRT (/16)† | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 15.9 ± 0.4 | 14.8 ± 1.6 | F (2, 173) = 24.85 | η2 = 0.22 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| Recognition | [16, 16, 16] | [16, 16, 16] | [14, 15, 16] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | |
| Verbal abilities | 0.32 ± 0.89 | 0.39 ± 0.75 | −0.65 ± 0.94 | F (2, 155) = 24.72 | η2 = 0.28 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| Composite score | [−0.21, 0.32, 0.80] | [−0.24, 0.24, 0.94] | [−1.42, −0.49, 0.01] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | |
| Executive function | 0.28 ± 0.76 | 0.47 ± 0.83 | −0.59 ± 1.07 | F (2, 161) = 22.10 | η2 = 0.22 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| Composite score | [−0.08, 0.35, 0.76] | [0.05, 0.39, 0.95] | [−1.20, −0.70, 0.04] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | |
| Episodic memory | 0.57 ± 0.69 | 0.37 ± 0.81 | −0.90 ± 0.73 | F (2, 161) = 77.58 | η2 = 0.49 | HAS > aMCI∗∗∗ |
| Composite score | [0.13, 0.64, 1.06] | [−0.08, 0.31, 0.94] | [−1.44, −1.00, −0.46] | P < .001 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗∗ | |
| Depression† | 0.8 ± 1.9 | 3.4 ± 3.0 | 3.8 ± 5.4 | F (2, 153) = 12.47 | η2 = 0.14 | SCDclinic > HAS∗∗∗ |
| MADRS total score | [0, 0, 1] | [1.5, 2.5, 5] | [0, 2, 5] | P < .001 | aMCI > HAS∗∗∗ | |
| SCD | 40 ± 17 | 57 ± 22 | 60 ± 20 | F (2, 182) = 21.08 | η2 = 0.19 | SCDclinic > HAS∗∗∗ |
| CDS total score | [29, 39.5, 50] | [41, 55, 70] | [45, 57, 73] | P < .001 | aMCI > HAS∗∗∗ | |
| APOE ε4 carriers: n (%) | 17 (24%) | 4 (15%) | 25 (50%) | Fisher's exact test | HAS > aMCI∗∗ | |
| P = .002 | SCDclinic > aMCI∗∗ |
Abbreviations: aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; CDS, Cognitive Difficulties Scale; FCSRT, Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test; HAS, healthy aged subjects; MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; SCD, subjective cognitive decline.
NOTE. For numerical variables, we indicated the mean ± standard deviation [first quartile, median, and third quartile]. Fisher's LSD test was used as a post hoc test: ∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .001. For the sake of readability, patients values are given in bold when different from the HAS group (P < .05). Group comparisons were also assessed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests because some variables (recognition, depression) had strongly skewed distributions; results were unchanged. Percentages of APOE ε4 carriers are calculated based on the number of available genotypes within each group (n = 72 for HAS, n = 26 for SCDclinic, n = 50 for aMCI).
Scores that were used in the inclusion battery.