Table 1. Clinical Biochemical Characteristics of Study population.
| Variables | Group I (n = 43) | Group II (n = 43) | Group III (n = 43) | Group IV (n = 43) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | CAD | T2DM | CAD+T2DM | |||
| Sex [male (%)] | 26 (60.5) | 30 (69.8) | 19 (44.2) | 32 (74.4) | 0.021 | |
| Age (year) | 57.21 ± 1.28 | 60.91 ± 0.88 | 59.21 ± 1.18 | 61.33 ± 1.33 | 0.060 | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.10 ± 0.47 | 26.74 ± 0.50a** | 27.32 ± 0.57b** | 27.79 ± 0.61c*** | <0.001 | |
| WHR | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.94 ± 0.01b* | 0.95 ± 0.01c* | <0.001 | |
| Smoker [n (%)] | 8 (18.6) | 18 (41.9) | 12 (27.9) | 22 (51.2) | 0.008 | |
| Hypertension [n (%)] | 11 (25.6) | 22 (51.2) | 16 (37.2) | 28 (65.1) | 0.002 | |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 130 (98–135) | 133 (105–143) | 130 (98–142) | 133 (108–147) | 0.204 | |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 79 (60–85) | 87 (60–95.5) | 80 (60–92) | 93.47 (76–95.5) | 0.120 | |
| FBG (mg/dl) | 92 (73–95) | 94 (74–103.5) | 149 (118–172.5) b***, d*** | 138 (117–158) c***, e*** | <0.001 | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 119.02 ± 6.30 | 155.81 ± 4.41a* | 155.56 ± 7.72b* | 170.56 ± 10.74d*** | <0.001 | |
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 160.53 ± 5.05 | 186.05 ± 7.48 | 182.86 ± 6.43 | 188.53 ± 7.40c* | 0.017 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dl) | 95.81 ± 4.88 | 116.07 ± 5.19 | 107.33 ± 5.36 | 119.77 ± 5.01c* | 0.006 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dl) | 46.5 ± 0.8 | 41.9 ± 0.7a*** | 41.4 ± 0.6b*** | 38.9 ± 0.7c***, e* | <0.001 | |
| Insulin (μU/ml) | 2.6 (1–4.3) | 3.8 (0.9–5.5) | 11.2 (3.4–12.3)b***,d*** | 10 (4.2–12.9)c*** | <0.001 | |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.3 ± 0.14 | 4.7 ± 0.13 | 8.0 ± 0.16 b***,d*** | 7.8 ± 0.16 c***,e*** | <0.001 | |
| HOMA-IR | 0.6 (0.2–1.01) | 0.86 (0.16–1.38) | 3.86 (1.27–5.41)b***,d*** | 3.51 (1.23–5.31)c***,e*** | <0.001 | |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.17 ± 0.03 | 1.22 ± 0.03 | 1.23 ± 0.03 | 1.31 ± 0.03 c* | 0.022 | |
| AST (U/l) | 17 (13–20.5) | 19 (15–27) | 20 (17–25) | 20(14–28) | 0.095 | |
| ALT(U/l) | 15 (10–20) | 16 (11–27) | 18 (12–24) | 18 (13–27) | 0.147 | |
| IL-6 (pg/ml) | 5.01 ± 0.21 | 6.10 ± 0.29 | 6.53 ± 0.33b** | 8.06 ± 0.36 c***, e***,f** | <0.001 | |
| TNF-α (pg/ml) | 24.1 (14.3–27.9) | 25.4 (24–27) | 27.4 (19.6–32.4) | 28.2 (23.4–36.5)c**,e** | 0.004 | |
| Adiponectin (μg/ml) | 12.31 ± 0.56 | 9.86 ± 0.44a** | 10.14 ± 0.42b* | 9.39 ± 0.37c*** | <0.001 | |
| CTRP3 (ng/ml) | 305.3 ± 13.1 | 240.5 ± 7.3a* | 268.2 ± 10.3 | 255.4 ± 9.9 c* | <0.001 | |
| CTRP13 (ng/ml) | 279 ± 7.7 | 215 ± 4.9 a*** | 243 ± 4.3 b***,d** | 192 ± 5.1c***,e***,f*** | <0.001 | |
| Antihypertensive medication [n (%)] § | 5 (11.6) | 17 (39.5) | 6 (14.0) | 22 (51.2) | <0.001 | |
| Statin use [n (%)] # | 8 (18.6) | 17 (39.5) | 14 (32.6) | 23 (53.5) | 0.008 | |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent [n (%)] ¶ | - | - | 22 (51.2) | 28 (65.1) | <0.001 | |
| Insulin ± Oral hypoglycemic agent [n (%)] | - | - | 13 (30.2) | 11 (25.6) | <0.001 | |
| Angiography | 1-Vessel | 15 | 12 | |||
| 2-Vessel | 13 | 14 | ||||
| 3-Vessel | 15 | 17 | ||||
a: Comparison between Control and CAD
b: Comparison between Control and T2DM
c: Comparison between Control and T2DM+CAD
d: Comparison between CAD and T2DM
e: Comparison between CAD and T2DM+CAD and
f: Comparison between T2DM and CAD+T2DM.
* P < 0.05
** P < 0.01
*** P < 0.001.
§ Antihypertensive medication: mainly angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (captopril, enalapril or lisinopril), with the addition of calcium antagonists or angiotensin II receptor antagonists (losartan) in some patients.
# Statins: mainly simvastatin and pravastatin.
¶ Oral hypoglycemic agent: mainly metformin and sulphonylureas.