Table 2. Causes of maternal deaths at Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, comparing the periods pre-ART, ART initiation at CD4 <200 and ART starting at CD4 <350.

Condition	Period one: pre-ART 2003–2004 (45 deaths)					Period two: ART initiation at CD4 <200 2005–2009 (121 deaths)					Period three: ART initiation at CD4 <350 2010–2012 (66 deaths)					*P
	Death category N	HIV positive N = 23	HIV negative N = 5	HIV unknown N = 17	Total N	Death category N	HIV positive N = 66	HIV negative N = 29	HIV unknown N = 26	Total N	Death category N	HIV positive N = 32	HIV negative N = 22	HIV unknown N = 12	Total N
Hypertensive disorders	Direct 19	1	2	8	11	Direct 62	3	5	10	18	Direct 42	3	8	4	15	0.997
Obstetric hemorrhage		2	1	1	4		2	6	5	13		5	3	1	9	0.422
Iatrogenic		0	0	0	0		1	1	0	2		0	0	0	0	0.852
Pulmonary embolism		0	0	0	0		3	4	0	7		3	2	0	5	0.091
Pregnancy-related sepsis		1	1	2	4		11	6	4	21		5	3	4	12	0.225
Other		0	0	0	0		0	0	1	1		0	1	0	1	0.397
Cardiac	Indirect 20	1	1	0	2	Indirect 54	3	3	3	9	Indirect 24	2	4	0	6	0.367
End organ disease		0	0	0	0		1	0	0	1		0	0	0	0	0.895
Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage		0	0	0	0		0	0	1	1		1	0	0	1	0.397
Malignancy		3	0	0	3		1	0	0	1		0	1	0	1	0.107
ART complication		0	0	0	0		2	0	0	2		0	0	0	0	0.852
Tuberculosis		7	0	1	8		15	0	0	15		2	0	0	2	0.011
Pneumonia sepsis		5	0	1	6		18	0	1	19		9	0	2	11	0.646
Meningitis encephalitis		1	0	0	1		4	0	1	5		2	0	0	2	0.885
Other		0	0	0	0		0	1	0	1		0	0	1	1	0.397
Unknown	Unknown6	2	0	4	6	Unknown 5	2	3	0	5	Unknown 0	0	0	0	0	0.002

*P value compares proportion of all deaths (HIV positive, negative and unknown) from each condition in the 3 time periods using a Chi-square test for trend. ‘Other’ deaths in 2010–2012 were pregnancy-induced aplastic anaemia and toxin ingestion, and in 2005–2009 were hypoperfusion and systemic lupus erythematosus.