Table 1.
Mean comparisons for perceived-stress and mindfulness in included studies: pre- and post-intervention and after follow-up.
| Author (year) | Perceived stress mean scores and standard deviations |
Mindfulness mean scores and standard deviations |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instrument (# of items) | Pre-test Mean (SD) | Post-test Mean (SD) | Follow-up Mean (SD) | Instrument (# of items) | Pre-test Mean (SD) | Post-test Mean (SD) | Follow-up Mean (SD) | |
| Aikens et al. (2014) | PSS (14) | M = 24.46 (6.29) | M = 18.00 (7.01) | M = 18.81 (6.72) | FFMQ (39) | M = 24.69 (5.16) | M = 27.94 (5.49) | M = 29.23 (5.14) |
| C = 24.76 (8.16) | C = 23.32 (8.45) | C = No follow up | C = 24.38 (5.47) | C = 24.62 (5.46) | C = No follow-up | |||
| Allexandre et al. (2016) | PSS (10) | M = 25.6 (5.4) | M = 19.8 (7.6) | M = 19.4 (7.7) | MAAS (15) | M = 3.20 (0.87) | M = 3.43 (1.16) | M = 3.32 (1.07) |
| C = 25.4 (5.7) | C = 24.0 (7.2) | C = 22.5 (7.2) | C = 3.48 (0.89) | C = 3.37 (0.92) | C = 3.47 (1.13) | |||
| Cavanagh et al. (2013) | PSS (10) | M = 21.70 (7.87) | M = 18.96 (6.75) | – | FFMQ (39) | M = 117.76 (21.48) | M = 116.24 (16.94) | – |
| C = 21.78 (7.27) | C = 21.46 (6.79) | C = 123.33 (20.16) | C = 116.92 (20.67) | |||||
| Glueck and Maercker (2011) | PSQ (20) German | M = 40.06 (16.38) | M = 34.36 (15.06) | M = 27.89 (11.18) | FMI (14) German | M = 37.04 (5.37) | M = 38.77 (5.38) | M = 41.16 (6.05) |
| C = 35.09 (13.39) | C = 34.72 (15.35) | C = No follow up | C = 39.95 (6.46) | C = 40.67 (6.78) | C = No follow-up | |||
| Mak et al. (2015) | PSS (10) Chinese | M = 1.72 (0.60) | M = 1.65 (0.53) | M = 1.70 (0.53) | FFMQ (39) Chinese | M = 3.13 (0.52) | M = 3.19 (0.53) | M = 3.16 (0.49) |
| C = 1.63 (0.70) | C = 1.62 (0.70) | C = 1.63 (0.70) | C = 3.18 (0.42) | C = 3.15 (0.43) | C = 3.22 (0.41) | |||
| Morledge et al. (2013) | PSS (10) | M = 22.4 (7.1) | M = 17.2 (6.0) | M = 16.0 (6.4) | MAAS (15) | M = 3.45 (0.89) | M = 4.03 (0.80) | M = 4.02 (0.82) |
| C = 22.3 (7.1) | C = 18.8 (7.6) | C = 18.9 (7.3) | C = 3.29 (0.90) | C = 3.65 (0.89) | C = 3.68 (0.96) | |||
| Wahbeh et al. (2016) | PSS (10) | M = 11.0 (7.0) | M = 14.4 (4.6) | – | FFMQ (39) | M = 134.8 (20.9) | M = 145.1 (19.7) | – |
| C = 10.9 (3.4) | C = 14.4 (6.3) | C = 136.4 (20.6) | C = 146.9 (22.1) | |||||
| Wolever et al. (2012) | PSS (10) | M = 24.52 (3.46) | M = 14.91 (5.70) | – | CAMSR (12) | M = 30.24 (6.06) | M = 34.96 (6.56) | – |
| C = 23.52 (3.79) | C = 19.34 (6.26) | C = 30.01 (5.75) | C = 32.37 (6.55) | |||||
Note: M = online mindfulness intervention; C = control; SD = standard deviation; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; PSQ = Perceived Stress Questionnaire; FFMQ = Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire; MAAS = Mindful Attention Awareness Scale; FMI = Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory; CAMS-R = Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale-Revised.
Average mindfulness scores of Aikens et al. were estimated, using means and standard deviations reported for each facet of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire.
Follow-up time varied by intervention (see Appendix-1). No follow-up in Cavanagh et al., Wahbeh et al., and Wolever et al. Aikens et al. and Gluck and Maercker had follow-up of intervention group only. All eight studies were randomized controlled trials; see Appendix-1 for characteristics of sample and intervention in individual studies.
Follow-up time varied by intervention (see Appendix-1). No follow-up in Cavanagh et al., Wahbeh et al., and Wolever et al. Aikens et al. and Gluck and Maercker had follow-up of intervention group only. All eight studies were randomized controlled trials; see Appendix-1 for characteristics of sample and intervention in individual studies.