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. 2017 Jan 3;127(1):14–23. doi: 10.1172/JCI88877

Figure 2. M2-like polarization of islet macrophages plays key roles in the proliferation and physiologic maintenance of β cells.

Figure 2

Multiple cytokines (e.g., TGF-β1, VEGFA, and CSF1) secreted from multiple cell types within islets (e.g., macrophages, β cells, and endothelial cells) form networks that contribute to a microenvironment that promotes M2-like polarization of islet macrophages. CSF1 signaling is a common mediator that maintains and promotes M2-like activation of both islet-resident and recruited macrophages. M2-like macrophages play an indispensable role in the establishment of the microenvironment necessary for β cell health. CSF1R, CSF1 receptor.