TABLE 1.

Summary of effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on food intake in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients

First author [ref.]	Year	Participants	AHI cut-off events·h−1	Sample size	Age years M/F	Baseline BMI kg·m−2 M/F	Baseline ESS M/F	Design	CPAP duration	CPAP compliance h per night M/F	Outcomes	Main findings: effect of CPAP
Batool-Anwar [47]	2014	Active CPAP	≥10	117	54.0±13.0/ 55.0±13.0	33.0±6.3*/ 36.0±11.0	10.0±4.0/ 10.7±4.6	Sham-controlled, parallel; RCT	4 months	4.0±2.9**/ 3.5±2.8	Food frequency questionnaire	↓ servings of trans-fatty acids in women after treatment
		Sham CPAP	≥10	114	55.0±14.0/ 54.0±13.0	31.0±5.5*/ 34.0±8.8	9.7±4.3/ 9.7±3.7		4 months	2.6±2.6**/2.9±2.6
Igelstrom [38]	2014	OSA	≥15	35	53.0±11.0	33.6±4.3	N/R	Baseline to post-treatment; RCT	6 months	>4 in 73% of participants	Food intake questionnaire Dutch eating behaviour questionnaire	↔ food intake patterns ↓ emotional eating score after treatment
Pamidi [49]	2015	CPAP	≥5	26	53.8±6.2	36.8±7.8	10.0±5.9	Placebo-controlled, parallel; RCT	2 weeks	8	Daily food log	↔ in food intake between groups after treatment
		Oral placebo	≥5	13	55.2±8.4	32.7±4.3	10.9±5.0		2 weeks
Tachikawa [48]	2016	OSA	>20	63	60.6±10.0	27.9±3.8	8.7±5.3	Baseline to post-treatment	1 day; 3 months	4.5±1.6	Diet history questionnaire	↔ energy intake after treatment for entire group ↑ energy intake after treatment in weight gainers

Data are presented as n or mean±SD, unless otherwise stated. AHI: apnoea-hypopnoea index; M: male; F: female; BMI: body mass index; ESS: Epworth sleepiness scale; RCT: randomised controlled trial; N/R: not reported. ↑: significant increase; ↓: significant decrease; ↔: no difference.

^*p<0.05 M versus F;

^**p<0.05 versus sham within males.