Table 1. Summary of different simulation settings.

Illustrating error in	Time scheme*	Replicates**	Noise***	Initial condition	Algorihtms
a. Initial conditions	t3	30	N(0,0.01)	Vary	DE [43]
b. Measurement error	t3	30	Vary	Fixed	DE [43]
c. Effect of time scheme	Vary	10	N(0,0.25)	Fixed	L-BFGS-B [44]
d. Effect of number of replicates	t24	Vary	N(0,0.25)	Fixed	L-BFGS-B [44]
e. Algorithms	tn1	5	N(0,0.25)	Fixed	Vary
f. Robust estimation	t24	10	N(0,0.25)	Fixed	Vary
g. Polynomial estimate of V0	Vary	Vary	N(0,0.25)	Not used	GAM [38]
Parameters	Reference	Lower bound+	Upper bound+
β	10−5	10−7	10−3
δ	1.6	10−2	102
p	5	100	102
c	3.7	10−1	102
Initial condition	U0 = 106	V0 = 10	I0 = 0

*t3 to t24 indicate regular sampling time in every 3 to 24 hours; tn1 indicates sampling time similar to that of [11], i.e., at day 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, tn2 is t24 without measurement at the peak day (3rd) and the endpoint (8th);

**per time point;

***on log 10 scale;

⁺for Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm and L-BFGS-B [44].