Table 4.
Factors associated with ever having had a cervical smear test.
| Factors | Ever Had a Cervical Smear Test | ORU | p-Value | ORA (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (n = 500) | Yes (n = 457) | ||||||
| Demographic Characteristics | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Age (Years) | 50–59 (Reference) | 141 (33.8%) | 276 (66.2%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 60–69 | 120 (51.7%) | 112 (48.3%) | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.53 (0.36–0.77) | 0.001 | |
| 70–79 | 145 (71.8%) | 57 (28.2%) | 0.20 | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.18–0.44) | <0.001 | |
| 80 or Above | 94 (88.7%) | 12 (11.3%) | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.06–0.23) | <0.001 | |
| Education Level | Primary or Below (Reference) | 330 (64.8%) | 179 (35.2%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Secondary | 140 (39.9%) | 211 (60.1%) | 2.78 | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.10–2.19) | 0.012 | |
| Matriculation or Above | 29 (30.5%) | 66 (69.5%) | 4.20 | <0.001 | 2.59 (1.49–4.48) | 0.001 | |
| Employment Status | Unemployed (Reference) | 450 (55.3%) | 364 (44.7%) | 1 | - | NS | - |
| Employed | 50 (35.2%) | 92 (64.8%) | 2.27 | <0.001 | - | - | |
| Monthly Household Income (HK$) | <10,000 (Reference) | 180 (64.7%) | 98 (35.3%) | 1 | - | NS | - |
| 10,000–29,999 | 81 (40.5%) | 119 (59.5%) | 2.70 | <0.001 | - | - | |
| ≥30,000 | 26 (25.5%) | 76 (74.5%) | 5.37 | <0.001 | - | - | |
| Don’t Know/Decline to Disclose | 206 (56.6%) | 158 (43.4%) | 1.41 | 0.037 | - | - | |
| Marital Status | Single/Divorced/Widowed (Reference) | 194 (68.3%) | 90 (31.7%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Married/Cohabiting | 302 (45.6%) | 361 (54.4%) | 2.58 | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.25–2.58) | 0.001 | |
| Health Status | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Any Confirmed Chronic Illness | No (Reference) | 252 (48.1%) | 272 (51.9%) | 1 | - | NS | - |
| Yes | 248 (57.3%) | 185 (42.7%) | 0.69 | 0.005 | - | - | |
| Ever Had A Serious Disease or Cancer | No (Reference) | 462 (52.7%) | 414 (47.3%) | 1 | - | NE | - |
| Yes | 38 (46.9%) | 43 (53.1%) | 1.26 | 0.316 | - | ||
| Family History of Cancer | No/Don’t Know (Reference) | 428 (57.5%) | 316 (42.5%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 72 (33.8%) | 141 (66.2%) | 2.65 | <0.001 | 1.89 (1.30–2.73) | 0.001 | |
| Smoking Status | Never Smoked (Reference) | 473 (51.2%) | 450 (48.8%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Ex-Smoker/Current Smoker | 27 (79.4%) | 7 (20.6%) | 0.27 | 0.002 | 0.28 (0.11–0.72) | 0.008 | |
| Use of Complementary Therapy | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Use of Complementary Therapy Index | 0 (≤50th Percentile) | 285 (64.2%) | 159 (35.8%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| 1–2 (>50th–75th Percentile) | 139 (55.4%) | 112 (44.6%) | 1.44 | 0.022 | 1.35 (0.93–1.98) | 0.118 | |
| ≥3 (>75th Percentile) | 76 (29.0%) | 186 (71.0%) | 4.39 | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.38–3.12) | <0.001 | |
| Recommendation from Health Professional | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Health Professional Recommended the Test | No/Unsure (Reference) | 481 (55.0%) | 393 (45.0%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 19 (22.9%) | 64 (77.1%) | 4.12 | <0.001 | 4.04 (2.21–7.39) | <0.001 | |
| Health-Related Perceptions | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Perceived Health Status | Excellent/very good/good (Reference) | 180 (49.6%) | 183 (50.4%) | 1 | - | NS | - |
| Fair/Poor | 320 (53.9%) | 274 (46.1%) | 0.84 | 0.198 | - | - | |
| Thought Exercise was Good for Health | No (Reference) | 118 (52.7%) | 106 (47.3%) | 1 | - | NE | - |
| Yes | 382 (52.1%) | 351 (47.9%) | 1.02 | 0.882 | - | - | |
| Believed a Healthy Diet was Good for the Health | No (Reference) | 150 (61.5%) | 94 (38.5%) | 1 | - | NS | - |
| Yes | 350 (49.1%) | 363 (50.9%) | 1.66 | 0.001 | - | - | |
| Thought Visiting A Doctor Regularly Was Good For The Health | No (Reference) | 299 (60.3%) | 197 (39.7%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 201 (43.6%) | 260 (56.4%) | 1.96 | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.51–2.88) | <0.001 | |
| Thought Visiting a Chinese Herbalist Regularly was Good for the Health | No (Reference) | 422 (59.0%) | 293 (41.0%) | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Yes | 78 (32.2%) | 164 (67.8%) | 3.03 | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.31–2.93) | 0.001 | |
| Thought Taking Dietary Supplements was Good for the Health | No (Reference) | 399 (55.6%) | 318 (44.4%) | 1 | - | NS | - |
| Yes | 101 (42.1%) | 139 (57.9%) | 1.73 | <0.001 | - | - | |
| Perceived Susceptibility to Cancer (Range: 1 = Not at All Likely to 10 = Extremely Likely) | ≤5 (Reference) | 311 (50.2%) | 309 (49.8%) | 1 | - | NS | - |
| >5 | 24 (43.6%) | 31 (56.4%) | 1.30 | 0.355 | - | - | |
| Unsure | 165 (58.5%) | 117 (41.5%) | 0.71 | 0.020 | - | - | |
Reference: Reference group of the categorical variable; ORU: univariate odds ratio; ORA: odds ratio adjusted for other significant factors obtained from backward stepwise logistic regression analysis, using variables with p-value < 0.25 in univariate analysis as candidate variables; NS: not statistically significant in multivariate analysis; NE: not entered into multivariable analysis.