Table 2.

Facilitators and barriers to smokers’ compliance with smoking bans in public places.

Level	Facilitators	Studies	Barriers	Studies
Individual level	Demographic factors
	Male	1 [17]	Low education level	1 [31]
	Being older	2 [18,23]	Being older	1 [34]
	Smoking behaviors
	Lighter smokers	1 [23]	Heavier smokers	6 [9,16,18,25,29,31]
			Heavier nicotine dependence	4 [17,18,26,30]
			Nicotine withdrawal symptoms	2[17,18]
	Quiting smoking
	Having confidence toquit smoking	1 [23]	No confidence to quit smoking	1 [17]
			No quit smoking attempts	1 [18]
			Earlier stage of quit smoking	1 [17]
	Without substance abuse	1 [23]	Illicit drug consumption	1 [31]
	Higher level of knowledge about smoking and passive smoking	3 [5,9,34]	Less awareness of harms of smoking	1 [16]
	Negative attitudes towards smoking	1 [5]	Supportive attitudes towards smoking	3 [9,32,34]
	Supportive attitudes towards the bans	3 [5,27,33]	Negative attitude towards smoking	3 [9,32,33]
			Unawareness of policy boundaries	2 [32,33]
	History of chronic dieases (e.g., dyspnea, heartdisease)	1 [18]	Limited physical mobility	1 [30]
Interpersonal level	No parental permission	1 [31]	Smoking behaviors of people around in the same setting	3 [24,28,29]
			Smoking status of the peers	2 [9,16]
	Peers’dissuasion	1 [33]	Close relatives and friends’ approval	1 [16]
Organizational level	Efficient implementation	3 [27,30,33]	Lack of surveillance	3 [24,28,30]
	Convenience of the designative smoking area	2 [30,33]	Inconvenience of the designative smoking area	3 [30,32,33]
	Private schools (e.g., religious schools)	1 [31]	Only female bartenders were on duty	1 [24]
			Bars serving predominantly Asian or Irish patrons	2 [24,28]